Fig. 3: Hysteresis patterns of large-scale ocean-atmosphere circulations.

Ensemble-mean difference patterns of (a) SST (shading, unit: K) and SLP (contours, unit: hPa) and (b) precipitation (shading, unit: mm day⁻¹) averaged over a 31-year window centered on the P1 and N3 time slices of the CESM2 IRCC experiment. The contours in (b) represent the 6 mm day⁻¹ precipitation of the P1 (cyan) and N3 (red) time slices, respectively. c Ensemble mean difference of vertical wind shear magnitude (shading, unit: m s⁻¹), 850 hPa stream function (contours, unit: 10⁶ kg m⁻¹ s⁻¹), and 850 hPa wind (vectors, unit: m s⁻¹) averaged over a 31-year window centered on the P1 and N3 time slices of the CESM2 IRCC experiment. d same as (c), but for the difference in vertical wind shear magnitude (shading, unit: m/s), 200 hPa stream function (contours, unit: 10⁶ kg m⁻¹ s⁻¹), and 200 hPa wind (vectors, unit: m s⁻¹). Only values exceeding the 90% confidence level are shaded or plotted (vector).