Fig. 1: Global TROPOMI HCHO columns, estimated HCHO emission rates with EDGAR, and VIIRS NTL radiance.

a Shows the TROPOMI HCHO columns for May through October 2019 and 2021, resampled to a grid resolution of 0.05° × 0.05° (~ 5 × 5 km2) grid resolution. Panel (b) shows HCHO emission rates in 2012 at a resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° (~10 × 10 km2) estimated from anthropogenic NMVOC emissions of five species (ethene, propene, isoprene, monoterpenes, and primary formaldehyde) from EDGAR using the methodology proposed by Palmer et al. 42. Panel (c) shows VIIRS annual NTL radiance in 2019 at a resolution of 0.05° × 0.05° (~ 5 × 5 km2), computed based on the median synthesis method provided by the Google Earth Engine.