Fig. 1: Comparative estimates of PM emission and emission factors of various anthropogenic processes. | npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Fig. 1: Comparative estimates of PM emission and emission factors of various anthropogenic processes.

From: Dominance of open burning signatures in PM2.5 near coal plant should redefine pollutant priorities of India

Fig. 1: Comparative estimates of PM emission and emission factors of various anthropogenic processes.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a Stacked bars representing emissions of PM10 and PM2.5 (shaded bars) from different anthropogenic sources as compiled form “GAINS South Asia online,” 2020. For the past one and a half decades, open biomass burning has been the largest emitter of PM10 and PM2.5, while coal combustion emissions have steadily decreased due to the stricter emission standards implemented in 2015; b Particulate matter (PM) emission factors of open burning coal combustion, non-ferrous smelters and vehicular fuel. The emission factors for open burning are orders of magnitude higher than other processes. The emission factors have been compiled from Akbari et al.12; Raparthi and Phuleria13; Saud et al.14; Zhang et al.10; Zhu et al.15.

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