Fig. 4: Diurnal variations in the HCHO vertical distributions.

Mean diurnal variations in the HCHO vertical distributions on O3 a–c level 0, d–f level 1, and g–i exceedance days in Hefei, Huaibei, and Tai’an during April–October, 2020–2023. Mean diurnal variations in the difference in HCHO vertical distributions between O3 level 1 days and O3 level 0 days in j Hefei, k Huaibei, and l Tai’an during April–October, 2020–2023. Mean diurnal variations in the difference in HCHO vertical distributions between O3 exceedance days and O3 level 0 days in m Hefei, n Huaibei, and o Tai’an during April–October, 2020–2023.