Fig. 8: MSE budget analysis.

a The left panel shows vertical profiles of the mean flow advection of MSE averaged over the second rainfall peak. The right panel shows the vertical structure of convection, same as Fig. 4 but averaged along the y-direction in the RH54 simulation. The streamlines represent the wind speed. b Vertical-integrated MSE advection of mean flow. The boundary layer is defined from the surface to 2-km height. The free troposphere is defined as 2 km to 6.5 and 2 km to 9 km, respectively. c Time series of vertical-integrated MSE advection. The thicker, thinner, and dashed lines represent the integration of the total troposphere, boundary layer, and free troposphere, respectively, with the top of the free troposphere defined as 9 km.