Fig. 4: Temporal changes of GDP and population exposure to SHP and CDH hazards and attribution results in China’s major urban clusters. | npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Fig. 4: Temporal changes of GDP and population exposure to SHP and CDH hazards and attribution results in China’s major urban clusters.

From: Substantial increases in compound climate extremes and associated socio-economic exposure across China under future climate change

Fig. 4: Temporal changes of GDP and population exposure to SHP and CDH hazards and attribution results in China’s major urban clusters.

a–d annual time series of GDP and population exposure to SHP and CDH events averaged across China during the historical (2000–2014) and future period (2015–2100) under three scenarios, with the shades indicating ±1 SD among the five GCMs. The unit for GDP exposure is a hundred million (RMB/km2) × days/y, and the unit for population exposure is (persons/km2) × days/y. e–h Changes in GDP and population exposure to SHP and CDH events in the future period (2015–2100) compared with the baseline period (2000–2014) in the urban clusters that have been identified as the top five hotspots in the historical period. The total exposure change (TC) can be further divided into GDP or population change effect (GE or PE), climate hazard change effect (CE), and interaction effect (IE).

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