Fig. 13: Topographic features of northern Taiwan and the study region.
The terrain height (m MSL) is indicated by color shading. The locations of the Wu-Fen-San (WFS) Doppler radar and the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) Doppler radar at Taoyuan International Airport are denoted by triangles. The locations of surface stations from the Central Weather Administration (CWA) of Taiwan are denoted by solid and hollow circles, while rain gauges of the Da-Tun rain gauge network (DTRGN) are indicated by asterisks. The surface station at Tamsui (TS) is also marked. The rain gauges used to define the duration of intense orographic precipitation in this study are provided by the DTRGN (asterisks) and some of the CWA surface stations (solid circles) located closer to DT. The location of the Banciao (BC) sounding is marked by a square. The larger inset box denotes the dual-Doppler synthesis domain and the spatial coverage of the upslope model simulation (70 × 60 km2). The smaller inset box with gray shading (15 × 12 km2) indicates the area where vertical profiles of mean dual-Doppler-derived horizontal winds are calculated, which are used as the input of upstream kinematics when calculating topographically forced vertical motions in the upslope model.
