Fig. 3: Performance of the ENSO teleconnection with the NAE in CMIP models.

Taylor diagram based on the 200 hPa geopotential height anomalies regressed against the Niño 3.4 index over the NAE sector (20°N–80°N; 60°W–0°) for a November, b December, and c February. The black star represents the reference dataset, the black-filled square indicates the MME of CMIP6 models, and the white-filled square represents the MME of CMIP5 models. The color-filled symbols denote individual CMIP6 models, while the white-filled symbols denote individual CMIP5 models. The horizontal axis represents the standard deviation of the spatial pattern normalized over the reference standard deviation. The outer semicircle denotes the pattern correlation. Note the different sizes of the x-axis in c compared to (a), (b). CMIP6 models are represented in uppercase letters (e.g., CESM2), while CMIP5 models are shown in lowercase letters (e.g., cmcc-cm).