Fig. 4: Vertical and horizontal temperature transport according to the CECSH.

a Vertical distribution of the composite difference in the boreal summer horizontal temperature transportation anomalies at the northern boundary (40°N) of central-eastern China during the high and low CECSH on the decadal timescale during the period 1900–2015. The high and low CECSH refer to the number of days above and below the mean value of 9.54 days between 1900 and 2019, respectively. Southward transport is defined as positive (red bar), and northward transport is defined as negative (blue bar). b As in (a), but for the vertical temperature transportation anomalies, and the downward transport is defined as positive (red bar).