Fig. 1: Site location and local TC frequency.

a Location of North Reef (Red dot, 17°05′, 111°30′E) and Langhua Reef (black dot, 16°3′N, 112°33′E). Blue lines are TC pathways during 1991–2020 AD. b Monthly mean TC frequency based on TC best track data from 1991 to 2020 AD.