Fig. 5: Late Holocene climate forcing and paleoclimate records.

a Monthly mean insolation for 0°–30°N⁴⁶. b Northern Hemisphere (30°–90°N) temperature anomaly (blue line) and the temperature contrast (red line) between the extratropics of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. The temperature and temperature contrast are derived from there constructions in Marcott et al.³⁹, for extratropical areas of 30°–90°. Titanium content (orange) from the Cariaco Basin off the Venezuelancoast⁴². c East Asian monsoon records indicating the ITCZ position since the Late Holocene, including the speleothem δ¹⁸O record (green line) from Sanbao cave⁴³, reconstructed precipitation (blue line) from Lake Gonghai in northern China⁴⁴ and stacked normalized magnetic susceptibility (black line) from Chinese Loess Plateau⁴⁵. d SST contrast (red line) between the tropics (0–30°) of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere in the Pacific (100°–180°E)⁴⁰. Difference in modelled SST (gray line) of Western Pacific between Northern Hemisphere (100–180°E, 0–85°N) and Southern Hemisphere (100–180°E, -70°S–0). Insolation contrast between 30°N and 30°S (purple line) during the TC season of the Northern Hemisphere (June to November) and Southern Hemisphere (December to May)⁴⁶.