Fig. 6: Meridional-vertical structure of the regional Hadley circulation.

Meridional-vertical distribution of the longitudinally averaged divergent meridional wind (m s−1) and vertical pressure velocity (10−2 Pa s−1) (shown in vector) for a–c AGCMs, d–f CGCMs, and g–i multi-model ensemble (MME) in the WNP averaged over P1 (1984–2014), P2 (2019–2049) and the differences between P1 vs. P2. The shading over the same region shows the vertical pressure velocity. Negative (positive) values represent upward (downward) motion. Black dots denote values statistically significant at the 95% confidence level.