Fig. 1: Observed changes in temperature and salinity between 2002 and 2020 (mean of Argo profiles) and 1955–1974 (WOA climatology) (\({Y}_{{Obs}}^{2020}\)).

Depth (top 2,000 m) averaged temperature (a) and salinity changes (b). The zonally averaged meridional profiles of NA temperature (c), and salinity changes (d). Gray crosses show where the observed changes fall outside the 5th to 95th percentile spread across ESM changes under ALL scenario.