Fig. 4: Schematic representation of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall’s impact on Antarctica.

The diabatic heating of June–August Indian summer monsoon rainfall causes the northward movement of the Hadley cell, triggering a Rossby wave train (contour) that propagates from the Mascarene Islands into Antarctica. The Rossby wave train alters sea level pressure and introduces warm advection (red vector in Antarctica) to both East and West Antarctica, while concurrently causing cold advection (blue vector in Antarctica) to the Ross Sea and Weddell Sea. The surface wind and temperature advection significantly influence the June–August Antarctic surface air temperature (shading in Antarctica) and sea ice.