Table 1 Site information across the three poles

From: Divergent controls on surface and thermal offsets in permafrost across the three poles

No.	Region	Sub-region	Site	MAGST	TTOP	ALT	MAAT	TO	SO	Note
1.	Arctic	Alaska	Anaktuvuk Pass	−4.7	−6.6	28.4	−6.67	−1.9	2.0
2.	Arctic	Alaska	Anderson	0.2	1.7	98.0	−3.2	1.5	3.4
3.	Arctic	Alaska	Arctic Village	−3.2	−3.4	103.0	−8.0	−0.2	4.8
4.	Arctic	Alaska	Atkasuk	−3.9	−5.1	48.8	−8.4	−1.1	4.4	https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/
5.	Arctic	Alaska	Barrow	−6.5	−6.2	32.8	−11.1	0.2	4.6
6.	Arctic	Alaska	Bonanza_Creek	0.5	−1.6	92.2	−3.1	−2.1	3.6
7.	Arctic	Alaska	Chandalar_Shelf	−2.2	−3.4	37.4	−7.4	−1.2	5.2
8.	Arctic	Alaska	Deadhorse_2	−3.2	−3.8	65.1	−11.1	−0.6	7.9
9.	Arctic	Alaska	Fox	0.7	−0.5	84.7	−3.0	−1.3	3.8
10.	Arctic	Alaska	Franklin_Bluffs	−3.9	−4.4	61.9	−10.6	−0.5	6.7
11.	Arctic	Alaska	Gakona1	0.0	−1.0	62.0	−4.3	−1.1	4.4
12.	Arctic	Alaska	Galbraith Lake*	−4.9	−4.7	49.8	−9.5	0.1	4.7
13.	Arctic	Alaska	Happy Valley 1_b	−3.8	−4.5	39.9	−7.3	−0.7	3.5
14.	Arctic	Alaska	Ivotuk_4	−2.6	−2.6	53.2	−10.1	−0.1	7.5
15.	Arctic	Alaska	Sagwon MNT	−5.4	−5.3	55.1	−8.5	0.1	3.1
16.	Arctic	Alaska	Smith Lake 3	2.9	0.1	76.8	−3.4	−2.8	6.3
17.	Arctic	Alaska	Toolik	−5.3	−4.1	45.1	−8.0	1.2	2.7	https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/
18.	Arctic	Alaska	West Dock 1 (surface)	−4.5	−5.3	45.1	−9.2	−0.8	4.6
19.	Arctic	Russia	Azarova−1	−8.8	−7.0	50.0	−9.3	1.8	0.5
20.	Arctic	Russia	Belenkiy−1	−5.2	−6.6	53.9	−8.7	−1.4	3.5
21.	Arctic	Russia	Bolvansky 59	−0.01	−0.4	112.9	−2.1	−0.4	2.0
22.	Arctic	Russia	Chara 38	−3.9	−4.6	51.0	−5.7	−0.8	1.8
23.	Arctic	Russia	Chukochya River 14_79	−15.0	−16.0	52.0 a	−15.0	−1.0	0.0	a:⁷⁴
24.	Arctic	Russia	Kashin_01k	0.2	−0.4	73.6	−2.0	−0.5	2.1
25.	Arctic	Russia	Marre Sale 1	1.4	−0.4	121.8	−7.0 a	−1.8	8.4	a:⁷⁵
26.	Arctic	Russia	Most−1	−6.1	−7.1	48.8	−6.9	−0.9	0.7
27.	Arctic	Russia	Nadym_1_71	3.2	−0.6	131.3	−2.6	−3.7	5.7
28.	Arctic	Russia	Novyi Urengoy	−0.1	0.0	75.2	−7.5 a	0.1	7.4	a:⁵⁸
29.	Arctic	Russia	Samoylov (Lena River Delta)	−9.1	−7.7	52.0	−12.5 a	1.4	3.4	a:⁷⁶
30.	Arctic	Russia	Tuymada_70	−1.4	−1.4	200.8	−7.3 a	−0.1	6.0	a:⁷⁷
31.	Arctic	Russia	Ushelistiy−1	−3.9	−5.0	51.4	−8.3	−1.2	4.5
32.	Arctic	Russia	Vega−23	−5.0	−4.6	51.4	−6.5	0.5	1.6
33.	Arctic	Russia	Zagryazkin−1	−3.6	−6.3	57.1	−5.0	−2.7	1.4
34.	Arctic	Canada	Aggradational permafrost mound 1	−0.1 a	−0.8 a	177.0 a	−3.3 a	−0.7	3.2	a:⁶⁸
35.	Arctic	Canada	Banks Island	−11.3	−11.4	60.0 a	−13.4	−0.1	2.1	a:⁷⁸
36.	Arctic	Canada	Clyde River	−5.2	−5.3	100.0 a	−12.8	0.0	7.6	a:⁷⁹
37.	Arctic	Canada	Fan (Coal Ridge logger site 2)	−0.4	−0.8	75.0	−3.6	−0.4	3.2
38.	Arctic	Canada	Igloolik	−5.4	−6.0	120.0 a	−13.2	−0.7	7.9	a:⁷⁹
39.	Arctic	Canada	Isachsen	−13.9	−13.2	54.2 a	−16.0	0.8	2.0	a:⁸⁰
40.	Arctic	Canada	Mould Bay	−13.9	−13.8	52.8a	−14.9	0.1	1.0	a:⁸¹
41.	Arctic	Canada	MP825.2	1.7 a	0.0 a	100.0 a	−1.7 a	−1.7	3.4	a:⁶⁸
42.	Arctic	Canada	MP844.1	1.1 a	0.0 a	100.0 a	−2.6 a	−1.1	3.7	a:⁶⁸
43.	Arctic	Canada	Mt McIntyre	−0.8 a	−1.2 a	700.0 a	−2.5 a	−0.4	1.7	a:⁶⁸
44.	Arctic	Canada	Palsa25	0.8 a	−0.5 a	100.0 a	−3.3 a	−1.3	4.1	a:⁶⁸
45.	Arctic	Canada	Palsa9	1.3 a	−0.7 a	70.0 a	−2.1 a	−2.0	3.4	a:⁶⁸
46.	Arctic	Canada	Pond Inlet	−6.0	−6.5	190.0 a	−7.6	−0.6	1.6	a:⁷⁹
47.	Arctic	Canada	Yukon River terrace Dawson	−0.7 a	−2.9 a	75.0 a	−4.1 a	−2.2	3.4	a:⁶⁸
48.	Arctic	Greenland	Ilulissat	−4.4 a	−3.0 a	80.0 a	−3.9 a	1.4	−0.5	a:⁸²
49.	Arctic	Greenland	Nuuk	0.9 a	−1.0 a	90.0 a	−1.9 a	−1.9	2.8	a:⁸²
50.	Arctic	Greenland	Station Nord_Villum Research Station Site 1	−8.7 a	−6.2 a	88.7a	−13.7 a	2.4	5.3	a:⁸³
51.	Arctic	Greenland	ZC 1 Zackenberg	−5.5 a	−7.3 a	79.4 a	−9.5 a	−1.8	4.0	a:⁸⁴
52.	Arctic	Nordic	Dovrefjell_DB1	−1.1 a	−0.2 a	8.5 a	−1.6 a	0.9	0.5	a:⁸⁵
53.	Arctic	Nordic	Gagnheiði	−0.7 a	−0.5 a	450.0 a	−1.4 a	0.2	0.7	a:⁸²
54.	Arctic	Nordic	Guolasjavri 1	−0.7 a	0.0 a	1000.0a	−2.1 a	0.7	1.4	a:⁸²
⁵5.	Arctic	Nordic	Ha´go¨ngur	0.2 a	0.0 a	1000.0a	0.4 a	−0.2	−0.2	a:⁸²
⁵6.	Arctic	Nordic	Iskoras 1	−0.5 a	0.0 a	700.0 a	−0.5 a	0.5	0.0	a:⁸²
57.	Arctic	Nordic	Juvvass bh1	−2.4 a	−2.2 a	150.0 a	−3.3 a	0.2	0.9	a:⁸²
58.	Arctic	Nordic	Kevo(Valsjeaggl 1)	−0.6 a	−2.0 a	60.0 a	−1.0 a	−1.4	0.4	a:⁸²
59.	Arctic	Nordic	Sauðafell (near Snæfell)	−0.6 a	−1.0 a	200.0 a	−1.3 a	−0.4	0.7	a:⁸²
60.	Arctic	Nordic	Storflaket 1	−0.4 a	−0.4 a	80.9 a	−1.7 a	0.0	1.3	a:⁸⁶
61.	Arctic	Nordic	Tarfalaryggen	−3.4 a	−3.0 a	160.0 a	−4.6 a	0.4	1.2	a:⁸²
62.	Arctic	Nordic	Tavvavuoma	0.2 a	−1.0 a	50.0 a	−1.7 a	−1.2	1.9	a:⁸²
63.	Arctic	Svalbard	Janssonhaugen	−5.6 a	−5.5 a	170.0 a	−6.0 a	0.1	0.4	a:⁸²
64.	Arctic	Svalbard	Kaffiøyra Plain	6 a	1.85 a	134.75a	4.63 a	−4.15	1.38	a:⁸⁶
65.	Arctic	Svalbard	Kapp Linne 1	−3.2 a	−3.8 a	250.0 a	−3.4 a	−0.6	0.2	a:⁸²
66.	Arctic	Svalbard	svea 2	−4.3 a	−3.5 a	200.0 a	−5.0 a	0.8	0.7	a:⁸²
67.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	AS20	−0.6 a	−1.3 a		−3.6 a	−0.7	3.3	a:⁸⁷
68.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	Beiluhe_Alpine desert	0.7 a	−0.1 a		−2.8 a	−0.7	3.5	a:⁸⁸
69.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	Beiluhe_Alpine grassland	0.6 a	−0.1 a		−3.0 a	−0.8	3.6	a:⁸⁸
70.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	Beiluhe_Alpine meadow	0.3 a	−0.4 a		−2.8 a	−0.7	3.2	a:⁸⁸
71.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	Beiluhe_Shady slope	−0.5 a	−1.2 a		−2.7 a	−0.7	2.2	a:⁸⁸
72.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	Beiluhe_Sparse grassland	0.4 a	−0.1 a		−3.0 a	−0.5	3.4	a:⁸⁸
73.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	Beiluhe_Sunny slope	0.8 a	0.3 a		−2.8 a	−0.6	3.6	a:⁸⁸
74.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	Beiluhe_Swamp meadow	0.7 a	−0.2 a		−3.2 a	−0.9	3.9	a:⁸⁸
75.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	Beiluhe_Transitional area	0.5 a	0.5 a		−2.9 a	−0.1	3.4	a:⁸⁸
76.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	CLP1	−2.3 a	−1.9 a		−4.5 a	0.4	2.2	a:²⁵
77.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	CLP2	−2.2 a	−2.0 a		−4.4 a	0.2	2.2	a:²⁵
78.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	CLP3	−3.0 a	−2.3 a		−4.2 a	0.6	1.3	a:²⁵
79.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	ELH	0.4 a	1.2 a		−2.7 a	0.7	3.1	a:²⁵
80.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	Fenghuo Shan	0.0 a	−0.3 a	143.0 b	−6.1 a	−0.3	6.1	a:⁸⁹; b:⁹⁰
81.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	Heihe River Basin_AL7	0.3 a	0.4 a	39.0 a	−4.1 a	0.1	4.4	a:⁹¹
82.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	Heihe River Basin_EB	0.3 a	−1.2 a	80.0 a	−2.4 a	−1.5	2.7	a:⁹¹
83.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	HRQ1	0.0 a	−0.5 a		−3.3 a	−0.5	3.3	a:²⁵
84.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	HRQ2	−0.7 a	−0.9 a		−3.2 a	−0.2	2.5	a:²⁵
85.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	Kunlun Basin	0.0 a	−0.4 a	136.0 b	−5.8 a	−0.4	5.8	a:⁸⁹; b:⁹⁰
86.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	MDX1	−0.8 a	−0.3 a		−3.6 a	0.6	2.7	a:²⁵
87.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	MDX2	0.2 a	−0.3 a		−3.6 a	−0.5	3.8	a:²⁵
88.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	MDX3	−0.5 a	−0.2 a		−2.8 a	0.3	2.3	a:²⁵
89.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	QSH1	−1.1 a	0.9 a		−3.2 a	2.0	2.2	a:²⁵
90.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	TCM1	−0.4 a	−0.9 a		−2.7 a	−0.5	2.4	a:²⁵
91.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	TCM2	0.0 a	−0.4 a		−2.8 a	−0.4	2.8	a:²⁵
92.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	TSH	−3.2 a	−2.2 a		−7.6 a	1.00	4.4	a:²⁵
93.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	WLH	−0.8 a	−1.4 a		−3.7 a	−0.6	2.9	a:²⁵
94.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	Wudaoliang Basin _Meadow	−0.9 a	−1.3 a	212.5 a	−4.0 a	−0.4	3.1	a:¹⁰²
95.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	Wudaoliang Basin _Rock grid	−1.0 a	−1.8 a	164.5 a	−4.0 a	−0.8	3.0	a:¹⁰²
96.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	Wudaoliang Basin _Sprasely vegetated area	−0.5 a	−0.5 a	250.5 a	−4.0 a	0.0	3.5	a:¹⁰²
97.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	Wudaoliang Basin _Transition	−0.6 a	−1.3 a	221.5 a	−4.0 a	−0.7	3.4	a:¹⁰²
98.	Third Pole	Tibetan Plateau	ZLH	−0.6 a	−0.9 a		−1.9 a	−0.3	1.2	a:²⁵
99.	Antarctica	Antarctica	Abernethy Flats	−6.1 a	−6.2 a		−7.3 a	−0.1	1.2	a:⁹²
100.	Antarctica	Antarctica	Berry Hill slopes	−6.4 a	−6.4 a		−7.1 a	−0.1	0.8	a:⁹³
101.	Antarctica	Antarctica	Biological Station	−2.4 a	−2.6 a		−3.8 a	−0.2	1.4	a:⁴⁴
102.	Antarctica	Antarctica	Bull Pass	−17.4	−17.7	49.8	−18.0	−0.2	0.5	https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/
103.	Antarctica	Antarctica	Cape Lachman	−4.5 a	−4.7 a		−5.8 a	−0.2	1.3	a:⁹⁴
104.	Antarctica	Antarctica	Deception Island	−2.2 a	−2.0 a	54.1	−3.0 a	0.1	0.8	a:⁹⁵
105.	Antarctica	Antarctica	Edmonson Point	−14.7 a	−14.3 a		−16.4 a	0.4	1.8	a:⁹⁶
106.	Antarctica	Antarctica	Ellsworth Mountains	−18.3 a	−18.3 a		−19.8 a	0.0	1.5	a:⁹⁷
107.	Antarctica	Antarctica	Granite Harbour	−14.8	−14.3	85.1	−16.4	0.5	1.5	https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/
108.	Antarctica	Antarctica	J.G.Mendel	−5.6 a	−5.7 a		−6.7 a	−0.1	1.1	a:⁹⁸
109.	Antarctica	Antarctica	Limnopolar Lake	−0.9 a	−0.9 a		−2.5 a	0.0	1.6	a:⁹⁹
110.	Antarctica	Antarctica	Low Head	−1.5 a	−1.6 a		−3.1 a	−0.1	1.6	a:¹⁰⁰
111.	Antarctica	Antarctica	MarblePoint	−17.9	−18.1	50.0	−17.7	−0.2	−0.2	https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/
112.	Antarctica	Antarctica	Marion Island	2.6 a	0.6 a		3.0 a	−2.0	−0.40	a:¹⁰¹
113.	Antarctica	Antarctica	Minna Bluff	−16.9	−16.9	26.9	−18.4	0.0	1.5	https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/
114.	Antarctica	Antarctica	Mt. Fleming	−23.5	−23.3	7.7	−24.0	0.2	0.5	https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/
115.	Antarctica	Antarctica	Rothera	−3.7 a	−3.0 a		−3.0 a	0.6	−0.7	a:⁵³
116.	Antarctica	Antarctica	Scott Base	−17.2	−17.2	34.3	−18.6	0.0	1.4	https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/
117.	Antarctica	Antarctica	Victoria Valley1	−23.0	−22.7	22.2	−23.3	0.3	0.3	https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/

Columns are defined as: MAGST (mean annual ground surface temperature, °C); TTOP (temperature at the top of permafrost, °C); ALT (active layer thickness, cm); MAAT (mean annual air temperature, °C); TO (thermal offset, °C); SO (surface offset, °C); and Note (additional information or source). For the MAGST, MAAT, TTOP, and ALT columns, data are primarily sourced from the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) and the Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program, except where a specific source is provided in the “Note” column.

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Table 1 Site information across the three poles

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