Fig. 5: Future possible intensification of variability in SNUW mode.

19-year sliding standard deviation of AO (a), PCP (b), HD and SNUW indices (c) in CMIP6-MME. Historical simulation and SSP585 simulation are marked with different colors or backgrounds. d Relationship between the projected 19-year sliding PCP variability and SNUW variability among different models averaged in 2043–2082. Shading is the 95% confidence interval.