Fig. 2: Kriging analysis of lightning density. | npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Fig. 2: Kriging analysis of lightning density.

From: Observational evidence of reduced Bay of Bengal lightning since 2020 linked to cloud responses to shipping emission regulations

Fig. 2: Kriging analysis of lightning density.

Maps of factual (observed; first row) and counterfactual (second row) values for annual lightning density (strokes km−2 yr−1) over the Bay of Bengal for the pre-regulation climatology 2012–2019 (a) and (d), and the immediate pre-regulation 4-year period 2016–2019 (b) and (e), and the post-regulation 4-year period 2000–2023 (c) and (f). The grid cells outlined by black lines are the shipping lane area and the other grid cells are the reference lane area. The number in each panel is the area-averaged lightning density within the shipping lane area. Data are from WWLLN. The figure was created using Matplotlib Python package.

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