Fig. 2: Vertical profiles of various parameters in the clouds at different temperature intervals.

a liquid water content, (b) ice water content, (c) ice/graupel particle concentration, (d) riming growth rate, (e) liquid-ice mixing homogeneity (χ), and (f) the factor quantifying the impact of heterogeneous liquid-ice mixing on riming (Frim), which is calculated by using the observed mean Rrim in a given cloud divided by the Rrim assuming a homogeneous particle distribution. The blue shaded areas represent probability density, the thin black bars indicate the 10th–90th percentiles, and the thick black bars are the 25th–75th percentiles.