Fig. 1: Total particulate iron oxide mass percentages, imaginary part of the complex refractive indices across East Asian dust source regions, and distribution of soil sampling sites.

a The total particulate \({{MC}}_{{Fe}-{ox} \% }^{s}\) were calculated at 22 sampling sites. b Wavelength-dependent distribution of \(k\). Comparative data include: mineral dust complex refractive indices from the OPAC database (black dashed line), the observationally derived refractive index by Colarco and Kim (blue dashed line) and the observationally calculated refractive index by Lee (purple dashed line). c Spatial distribution of sampling sites and dust emission fluxes. All sites are proximal to dust source regions.