Table 1 Comparison of shortwave direct radiation effect and complex refractive index scheme of EAD with previous studies

From: Weaker absorption of Asian dust than previously estimated based on observation-constrained simulation

TOA(W/m2)

ATM (W/m2)

SFC (W/m2)

Time

Region

Refractive Index

The magnitude of \(k\)(0-1\(\mu m\))

Reference

−3 (SW)

–

−17(SW)

5–15 Apr. 2011

Asian Pacific Regional

Corrected OPACa (CFORS &Monte Carlob)

10−3−10−2

Conant et al.12

−1.7(SW)

−

−6.25(SW)

Spring 2001

EANPc region

ADECd (LASG GCM)

10−3−10−2

Wang et al.11

Up to −7.5 (SW)

–

Up to −25 (SW)

FMAMe 1997–2006

East Asian deserts

OPAC (RegCM3f)

10−3−10−2

Zhang et al.26

Up to −8 (SW)

–

Up to −25 (SW)

Spring 2000-2009

TD and GD

OPAC (RegCM4)

10−3−10−2

Sun et al.25

−5.02 (SW)

6.69 (SW)

−11.71 (SW)

26–30 July 2006

TD and TP

1.53 + 0.003ig (WRF-Chem)

10−3

Chen et al.22

−4

3

−7

2007–2011

East Asia

1.53 + 0.003i (WRF-Chem)

10−3

Chen et al.54

−1.4(SW)

0.67(SW)

−2.08(SW)

2010–2015

Tibet Plateau

1.53 + 0.003i (WRF-Chem)

10−3

Hu et al.23

−3.79(SW) (−3.01 to −4.19)

1.96(SW) (1.41 to 2.90)

−5.76(SW) (−5.90 to −5.60)

Spring 2010–2016

East Asia

0.00042i at 550 nm (CAS-ESM2)

10−4−10−3

This study

  1. The bold values indicate the range of shortwave direct radiative effects (TOA, ATM, and SFC) derived from this study.
  2. aCombined with the observed data, a coated (two-layer) sphere solution to light scattering and ISORROPIA aerosol chemical equi-librium model are adopted to correct the different values of OPAC data and observed data.
  3. bMonte Carlo Radiative Transfer Model.
  4. cEast Asia-north Pacific.
  5. dThe Sino-Japanese collaborative project “Studies on the Origin and Transport of Aeolian Dust and Its Effects on Climate” (ADEC) acquired the complex refractive index of East Asian dust. This was achieved through a weighted average complex refractive index of minerals, combined with diffuse fraction measured in the field and theoretical calculation results, finally a modified complex refractive index was obtained.
  6. eFebruary–March–April–May (FMAM).
  7. fRegional Climate Model RegCM version 3.
  8. gAccording to previous studies, the imaginary part (\(k\)) of complex refractive index is in the range of 0.0004 to 0.006 near the wavelength of 550 nm21, but the estimated values are still quite different. The intermediate value simulated by multiple experimental standards is 0.003.
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