Fig. 6: Difference between ENSO-inclusive and ENSO-excluded strong–weak circulation composites of summer-half moisture sources. | npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Fig. 6: Difference between ENSO-inclusive and ENSO-excluded strong–weak circulation composites of summer-half moisture sources.

From: ENSO modulated upstream convection as the primary control on interannual δ¹⁸O variability in East Asia

Fig. 6: Difference between ENSO-inclusive and ENSO-excluded strong–weak circulation composites of summer-half moisture sources.

Panels show the difference between high-minus-low v-wind composites constructed using the full record with ENSO-years included and equivalent composites with ENSO years removed, thereby isolating the ENSO contribution to circulation-related changes in moisture-source partitioning. Shown are percent changes in a total precipitable water (TPW), b Indian Ocean (IO) moisture, c Pacific Ocean (PO) moisture, and d land recycling (LND) moisture during the summer half-year (May–October). Positive values indicate an increased contribution in ENSO-inclusive strong circulation states relative to ENSO-excluded states. Stippling denotes regions where differences are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level, and contours highlight the magnitude of the changes. The black box outlines the CEC region used for area-averaged diagnostics. The blue contour shows the 2500 m elevation, approximating the boundary of the Tibetan Plateau.

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