Fig. 1: Comparison between the default and the no plumes experiments over 1850–2100.

a simulated globally averaged aerosols radiative forcing (W m⁻²), b Hovmöller diagram of the difference in aerosol optical depth (AOD) input to UVic ESCM version 2.10 between the no plumes and default experiments and c simulated globally averaged atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (ppm), in (a, c) for the no plumes (brown line) and default (blue line) experiments. d Stacked contributions (coloured bars—see legend) of difference in atmospheric radiative burden (ARB) between no plumes and default experiments from the start of the pre-industrial period in 1850 until the end of the 21st century. The black hatched bars indicate the net ARB difference from the sum of the considered contributions (referring to left y axis), while the purple line represents the temperature difference between the two experiments (referring to right y axis).