Fig. 2: Overview of processes dominating differences between experiments.

Time-latitude Hovmöller diagram of the difference between experiments no plumes and default. a for land carbon uptake anomaly (PgC), b for ocean heat uptake anomaly (W m⁻²) and d for ocean temperature average for the upper 17.5 m of the water column (°C), from the start of the pre-industrial period in 1850 until the end of the 21st century. Values are given for a rolling latitude average, and positive values indicate higher fluxes/temperature on the no plumes experiment, while negative values indicate lower fluxes/temperature. In d, cross (+) hatching indicates positive difference in incoming shortwave radiation at the surface, while dashed (−) hatching indicates negative differences. Additional details of the difference between experiments no plumes and default in (c) for soil respiration and net primary production (PgC) (brown hatched circles and blue hatched, respectively, relative to left y axis) and for global land carbon uptake forcing (W m⁻²) (black line relative to right y axis).