Fig. 1: Dominant seasonal SSH mode (Mode 1).
From: Sea surface height variability shapes Siberian Arctic Ocean circulation and Pacific Water inflow
a, b Spatial patterns of SSH anomalies (shading; m) and the associated geostrophic currents (vectors) for the leading cyclostationary EOF (CSEOF) mode derived from ORAS5 reanalysis, shown for boreal winter (DJF), spring (MAM), summer (JJA), and autumn (SON). c, d Corresponding SSH anomaly and geostrophic current patterns obtained from satellite-derived dynamic ocean topography (DOT). The blue outline in (a, c) indicates the region displayed in the enlarged maps with overlaid current vectors in (b, d). e Principal component (PC) time series of the dominant seasonal mode derived from ORAS5 (solid line) and satellite DOT (dashed line), demonstrating strong agreement between the model output and observations (r = 0.92, p < 0.01).
