Fig. 2

β-Diversity comparison of the microbiome between normal mucosa and ACF based on thetaYC distance. In polyp-free subjects, principle coordinate analysis (PCoA) plots showed no significant spatial separation as determined by AMOVA between proximal ACF lesions and control mucosa taken from both ACF-free control and paired normal samples from the same ACF subject a. The distance measured pairwise between each sample, however, showed significant differences in microbiome community structure b. In polyp subjects, PCoA plots showed no significant spatial separation tested using AMOVA between proximal ACF lesions and control mucosa from both ACF-free controls and paired normal samples taken from the same ACF subject c. However, ACF samples from patients with polyps were better rsolved from control samples (blue) compared with that in a. In addition, the distance measured pairwise between each sample showed significant differences in microbiome community structure d, with more significant p-values from b when comparing the ACF site from polyp subjects (purple) to control group (blue) using Mann–Whitney test