Fig. 1: Patient-derived cells and glioblastoma specimens express GD2 and can be targeted by anti-GD2 CAR T cells in vitro.

a Representative phase contrast microscopy pictures of patient-derived primary glioblastoma cells (C3, C6, C10, and C12) showing different morphological features (upper row). GD2 surface expression (solid histograms) in selected primary glioblastoma samples and isotype control (open histograms) measured by flow cytometry (lower row). b GD2 is extensively expressed in patient tumor resections by immunohistochemistry (middle column) and immunofluorescence (right column) stains, on the left column H&E staining. c Cartoon representing the second-generation anti-GD2 CAR structure. d Glioblastoma cell lines (dsRED T98G GD2^high, dsRED A172 GD2^low) and e patient-derived primary glioblastoma cells (dsRED C3, dsRED C6, dsRED C10, and dsRED C12) co-cultures at 2:1 E:T ratio with GD2 CAR T and GFP control T cells derived from five PBMC donors (#n). After 48 h tumor cell viability is calculated by fluorescence viability assay as reported in “Methods”. Data are shown as mean ± SD from six technical replicates; p values are calculated by an unpaired two-tailed t-test.