Fig. 5: The density plots of TIL subtypes and cluster groups for lung AD and SCC are displayed alongside their corresponding H&E-stained and IF TMAs.

The density plots based on the cluster’constructive’ C (+) and’obstructive’ C (−) are shown, depicting the concentration of each cluster group concentration. The TIL density plots also display concentration of TIL cells at the same position for each subtype, CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and CD20⁺. H&E samples are displayed at the outer layer of the figure and IF samples in the inside layer. The plots are shown for low- and high-risk groups assigned by the trained models (M^AD and ^MSCC). For lung AD, CD20⁺ had a few cells spatially located to CD4⁺ pockets. high-risk TIL density plot (HRTD) sample displays CD8⁺ pockets to be sparse. CD20⁺ was found to be less frequent around CD8⁺ pockets. The ‘constructive’ clusters are seen to be forming highly concentrated pockets, compared to the ‘obstructive’ clusters, for both AD and SCC low-risk samples. Similarly, on the low-risk TIL density plot (LRTD), CD8⁺ can be seen forming concentrated pockets for AD. For SCC, the CD8⁺ pockets are sparser.