Fig. 3: MC1R promotes tumorigenicity and breast cancer progression in vitro and in vivo.

a, b Soft agar colony formation for WT T-47d and MC1R-KD T-47d (MC1R Sh1 and MC1R Sh2) cells. a Representative images of the soft agar wells. b Mean ± SEM fold change in the number of soft agar colonies from three independent experiments. *p < 0.05 (one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons). c, d Athymic nude mice carrying 17β-estradiol pellets were subcutaneously injected with WT T-47d or MC1R-KD T-47d cells, and tumor development was monitored. c Mice pictured on day 24 post-implant. d Tumor volume on day 24 post-implant in mice that received the WT T-47d (n = 7) or MC1R-KD T-47d (n = 6) cells are shown; the error bar shows mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 (unpaired Student’s t-test). e Representative micrograph (40×) showing breast cancer tissue samples with different MC1R staining scores (0, 2, 6) and Ki67 expression in the breast cancer tissue microarray. Scale bar = 50 μm. f Plot comparing MC1R expression and Ki67 expression. The dashed lines in the violin plot show the median and the 25th and 75th percentiles. *p < 0.05 unpaired Student’s t-test.