Fig. 1: TRMs are more immunoreactive than non-TRMs.

a Overview of the experimental workflow. b t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE) plots showing subcluster, sample origin, and marker gene expression. The color key shows the gradient of normalized expression. c Volcano plot displaying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between TRMs (red) and non-TRMs (blue). d Violin plots illustrating the expression of the indicated genes in TRMs (red) and non-TRMs (blue). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001 (two-sided Wilcoxon test). e Gene ontology (GO) term analysis in TRMs. The intensity of color indicates p-value. f Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) showing that TRMs were enriched in gene sets associated with the immune response. NES, normalized enrichment score. g Bar plots depicting the proportions of TRMs (red) and non-TRMs (blue) in each sample. h Box plots illustrating the proportions of cell subclusters in normal cervix and cervical cancer (CC) tissues. i Representative immunofluorescent labeling of CD103 (green), CD3 (red), and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, blue) in sections from CC (up) and normal cervical tissues (down). Box plots showing the percentage of CD103⁺ CD3⁺ TRMs and CD103^- CD3⁺ non-TRMs in CC and normal cervical tissues based on immunofluorescent labeling results. Scale bar in figure, 80 μm. The p-values were generated using the Wilcoxon test.