Fig. 8: Data pipeline for Universal Immunohistochemistry (UIHC) artificial intelligence (AI) model.

a Example of annotation process; patches were extracted from whole slide images (WSIs), then cells were manually annotated by expert pathologists. WSIs were split into 0.04 mm² patches (resized to 1024 × 1024 pixels at 0.19 microns-per pixel). b Patch-level annotation counted by its positivity (negatively stained Tumor Cell [TC−] or positively stained Tumor Cell [TC+]). c The number of WSI in the WSI-level dataset only for testing.