Table 2 Detailed information on datasets included in this study

Dataset	Case/Sample	Stage	Cancer type	Data type	Treatment
TCGA-LUAD	514/569	Early and advanced stage	LUAD	RNA-seq	Unknown
ICGC-LUAD	425/425	Early and advanced stage	LUAD	RNA-seq	Unknown
GSE31210	226/226	Early stage	LUAD	RNA-seq	Unknown
GSE72094	442/442	Early and advanced stage	LUAD	RNA-seq	Unknown
GSE50081	181/181	Early stage	NSCLC	RNA-seq	Unknown
GSE37745	196/196	Unknow	NSCLC	RNA-seq	Unknown
GSE78220	28/28	Advanced stage	Melanoma	RNA-seq	Chemotherapy with Anti-PD-1 Therapy
GSE67501	11/11	Unknow	HRCC	RNA-seq	Chemotherapy with Anti-PD-1 Therapy
GSE135222	27/27	Advanced stage	NSCLC	RNA-seq	Chemotherapy with Anti-PD-L1/PD-1 Therapy
GSE165252	77/77	Unknow	ESCA	RNA-seq	Chemotherapy with Anti-PD-L1 Therapy
IMvigor210	310/310	Unknow	BUC	RNA-seq	Chemotherapy with Anti-PD-L1 Therapy
GSE126044	16/16	Unknow	NSCLC	RNA-seq	Chemotherapy with Anti-PD-1 Therapy
GSE190265	34/34	Advanced stage	NSCLC	RNA-seq	Chemotherapy with Anti-PD-L1/PD-1 Therapy
Philip Bischoff’s study	12/24	Early stage	LUAD	scRNA-seq	Unknown
GSE123902	14/17	Early and advanced stage	LUAD	scRNA-seq	Unknown
GSE131907	44/58	Early and advanced stage (tLung, tL/B, mLN, and mBrain)	LUAD	scRNA-seq	Unknown
GSE207422	8/8	Early stage	NSCLC	scRNA-seq	Chemotherapy with Anti-PD-1 Therapy
GSE189357	6/6	Early stage (AIS, MIA, and IAC)	LUAD	scRNA-seq	Unknown
GSE200563	35/109	Early and advanced stage (L, mLN, and LB)	NSCLC	DSP	Unknown
GSE189487	6/6	Early stage (AIS, MIA, and IAC)	LUAD	Visium	Unknown

LUAD lung adenocarcinoma, NSCLC non-small cell lung carcinoma, HRCC human renal cell carcinoma, ESCA esophageal adenocarcinoma, BUC bladder urothelial carcinoma, tLung lung cancer in situ, tL/B lung cancer with metastasis, mLN metastatic lymph node, mBrain brain metastases, L primary lung carcinoma, LB brain metastasis, AIS lung adenocarcinoma in situ, MIA minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, IAC invasive adenocarcinoma, DSP digital spatial profiler, RNA-seq RNA sequencing, scRNA-seq single-cell RNA sequencing.

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