Fig. 5: Example applications for the exfoliated graphene and hBN 2D sheets.

a Cross-sectional SEM image of the free-standing graphene laminate. Scale bar: 5 µm. Inset: Photograph of a bent laminate strip. b Comparison of the in-plane electrical conductivity of our graphene laminate (horizontal orange band marking 3100 ± 250 S cm⁻¹) with graphene and MXene laminates⁵¹, graphitic films⁴², and pyrolytic graphite⁵² (see Supplementary Table 2). Inset: Cross-sectional SEM image of the same laminate prepared using focused ion beam (FIB) milling to resolve the compactness of the sample (density ≈ 2 g cm⁻³). Scale bar: 500 nm. c A demonstration of the coating process of a PET film with a binder-free graphene/NMP slurry using conventional doctor blade coater. Inset: Photograph of the graphene/NMP slurry. This slurry can either be screen printed (d) or blade coated (e) on a polymer substrate. Scale bars in d, e: 2 cm. f Changes in surface resistivity versus the number of bending cycles for a graphene-coated paper (density 1.4 mg cm⁻²). Inset: The graphene-coated paper in the test jig bent to the minimum radius of 4.2 mm. g Colourised cross-sectional SEM image of the hBN/graphene hybrid laminate. The film was cross-sectioned using FIB milling. Scale bar: 5 µm. Inset: Photograph of a bent hBN/graphene laminate strip. h The current–voltage characteristics of the hBN laminate across its thickness. The electrodes are formed by the bottom graphene laminate on one side, and by a small droplet of a silver adhesive on the other. Error bars are one standard deviation. i Comparison chart of the dielectric constant and dissipation factor of the hBN laminate described in the main text with dielectric properties of different types of dielectrics (see Supplementary Table 3).