Fig. 1: Rationale and principle.

a Schematic of the gate structure (left). The hysteretic behavior leads to an energy loss (right bottom) while the stable NC region without hysteresis improves the energy behavior of the gate stack (right top). b Qualitative comparison between quasi-DC and pulsed measurement techniques. c Temperature-dependent P − E loops. d, e The evolution trend of the NC effect and the potential energy U with increasing temperature.