Fig. 3: Commercial graphene materials’ properties induce varying %cytotoxicty responses in cells.

Correlation analysis of %cytotoxicity (LDH release) stimulated by nominal graphene materials (NGM’s) at 10 µg/ml concentration: a Median of number of layers N₅₀. b median flake diameter L₅₀. c Graphene content r_G. d Specific surface area (SSA) calculated by the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller method (BET). e Carbon content wt%(C). f Fraction of sp² bounded carbon, r(sp²). g Thermogravitometric mass loss ΔTG in the 100 °C to 800 °C temperature range. h Representation of number of intact or defective NGMs to varying levels of %cytotoxicity. Intact graphene samples, NGM^int, are represented by yellow circles and defective graphene samples, NGM^def, are shown as red diamonds. The outlier (highest value measured in the Y axis) is shown only for reference and had not been included in the statistical analysis. The combined Spearman’s correlation (r_s^com) and the significance (p-value) for each graph are presented in Table 1.