Fig. 5: Looking behaviors during VR search task.

a Eyeball orientation in each condition. Each plot is a 3D histogram showing the estimated gaze vector, as measured every 8.3 msec throughout the experiment (~500,000 data points per plot, data averaged across eyes, data from all 19 participants included). These histograms show that participants tended to look downwards in the Superior VFL condition, and upwards in the Inferior VFL condition. b Gaze elevation (in normalized screen units, 0–1) as a function of time for each participant, and the group-mean value across all participants (bottom-right). The 0.5 point indicates the midline of the head-mounted display screen (central fixation). A value of 0.75 indicates fixation around the upper quarter of the screen (+14° above the midline). c Response time as a function of gaze-elevation. Circles represent individual participants (one data-point per participant, per condition). The black curve indicates the best-fitting quadratic model (weighted sum of squares, fitted using bisquare weights).