Table 2 Internal and external validation of the DLS in image models, clinical models and mixed models for 5-year axial length ≥26.5 mm prediction.
From: Deep learning system to predict the 5-year risk of high myopia using fundus imaging in children
Model | Input Variables | Internal Validation (School 2 and 3) | External Validation (School 1) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Threshold | AUC (C.I.) | Accuracy (C.I) | Sensitivity (C.I.) | Specificity (C.I.) | Threshold | AUC (C.I.) | Accuracy (C.I) | Sensitivity (C.I.) | Specificity (C.I.) | ||
Image model | Fundus photo | 0 | 0.67 (0.48–0.87) | 0.94 (0.94–0.94) | 0.38 (0.37–0.38) | 0.95 (0.95–0.95) | 0 | 0.57 (0.47–0.69) | 0.84 (0.84–0.84) | 0.25 (0.25–0.25) | 0.90 (0.90–0.90) |
Fundus photo + Age + Race + Gender | 0.03 | 0.86 (0.76–0.96) | 0.77 (0.77–0.77) | 0.63 (0.62–0.63) | 0.77 (0.77–0.77) | 0.03 | 0.64 (0.49–0.80) | 0.69 (0.69–0.70) | 0.63 (0.62–0.63) | 0.70 (0.70–0.70) | |
Clinical model | Baseline ALa | 0 | 0.83 (0.62–0.98) | 0.84 (0.84–0.84) | 0.75 (0.75–0.75) | 0.84 (0.84–0.84) | 0 | 0.91 (0.86–0.96) | 0.67 (0.67–0.67) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.64 (0.64–0.64) |
Baseline ALa + Age + Race + Gender | 0.01 | 0.93 (0.89–0.97) | 0.86 (0.86–0.86) | 0.75 (0.75–0.75) | 0.86 (0.86–0.86) | 0.01 | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 0.71 (0.71–0.72) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.69 (0.69–0.69) | |
Baseline ALa + Age + Race + Gender + 1-year AL* progression | 0.04 | 0.95 (0.91–0.98) | 0.88 (0.87–0.88) | 0.88 (0.87–0.88) | 0.88 (0.87–0.88) | 0.04 | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) | 0.74 (0.74–0.74) | 0.94 (0.94–0.94) | 0.72 (0.72–0.72) | |
Mixed model | Fundus photo + Baseline ALa | 0.17 | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 0.93 (0.93–0.93) | 0.88 (0.87–0.88) | 0.93 (0.93–0.94) | 0.17 | 0.88 (0.83–0.93) | 0.85 (0.85–0.85) | 0.75 (0.75–0.75) | 0.86 (0.85–0.86) |
Fundus photo + Baseline ALa + Age + Race + Gender | 0.07 | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.94 (0.94–0.94) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.94 (0.94–0.94) | 0.07 | 0.89 (0.83–0.94) | 0.86 (0.86–0.86) | 0.81 (0.81–0.81) | 0.87 (0.87–0.87) | |
Fundus photo + Baseline ALa + Age + Race + Gender + 1-year ALa progression | 0.16 | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.92 (0.92–0.92) | 0.88 (0.87–0.88) | 0.92 (0.92–0.92) | 0.16 | 0.90 (0.84–0.94) | 0.83 (0.82–0.83) | 0.69 (0.69–0.69) | 0.84 (0.84–0.84) | |
