Fig. 8: Absolute treatment effects for safety outcomes.

Treatment effect heterogeneity for the safety outcomes on the absolute scale of thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics compared to ACE inhibitors within strata of predicted acute MI risk. Panels present treatment effects on the absolute scale for a acute renal failure, b angioedema, c cough, d gastrointestinal bleeding, e hyperkalemia, f hypokalemia, g hyponatremia, h hypotension, and i kidney disease within groups of predicted acute MI risk across all three databases. RG-1 represents the group of patients with acute MI risk below 1%; RG-2 represents the group of patients with acute MI risk between 1% and 1.5%; RG-3 represents the group of patients with acute MI risk larger than 1.5%. Absolute treatment effects estimated in CCAE, MDCD, and MDCR are represented by blue, green, and orange circles, respectively. The bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Values above 0 favor thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics, while values below 0 favor ACE inhibitors.