Table 3 Conclusion of PTT-based analytical BP estimation methods.
From: Emerging sensing and modeling technologies for wearable and cuffless blood pressure monitoring
Modalities | Ref. | Model | #Sub. | Performance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ECG + PPG | \({DBP}=\frac{{SB}{P}_{0}}{3}+\frac{2\,{{DB}P}_{0}}{3}+A\cdot \mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{{PT}{T}_{{W}_{0}}}{{PT}{T}_{W}}\right)-\frac{\left({SB}{P}_{0}-{DB}{P}_{0}\right)}{3}\frac{{PT}{T}_{{W}_{0}}^{2}}{{PT}{T}_{W}^{2}}\) \({SBP}={DBP}+\left({SB}{P}_{0}-{DB}{P}_{0}\right)\frac{{PT}{T}_{{W}_{0}}^{2}}{{PT}{T}_{W}^{2}}\) | (1) | 85 | Difference = \(0.6\pm 9.8\) mmHg and \(0.9\pm 5.6\) mmHg for SBP and DBP | |
\({PWV}=\frac{{BDC}\times h}{{PTT}}\) \({SBP}={P}_{1}\times {PWV}\times {e}^{{P}_{3}\times {PWV}}+{P}_{2}\times {PW}{V}^{{P}_{4}}-\left({SB}{P}_{{cal}}-{SB}{P}_{0}\right)\) | (2) | 50 | Individual correlation coefficient r ranges from \(0.69\) to \(0.99\) in the validation period. The repeated measurements result in \({\rm{r}}=0.83.\) | ||
\({DBP}={DB}{P}_{0}\cdot \frac{{PI}{R}_{0}}{{PIR}}\) \({SBP}={DB}{P}_{0}\cdot \frac{{PI}{R}_{0}}{{PIR}}+P{P}_{0}\cdot {\left(\frac{{PT}{T}_{0}}{{PTT}}\right)}^{2}\) | (3) | 27 | Difference = \(-0.37\pm 5.21\), \(-0.08\pm 4.06\), and \(-0.18\pm 4.13\) mmHg for SBP, DBP and MBP; MAD = \(4.09\), \(3.18\), and \(3.18\) mmHg | ||
MWPPG | \({MBP}={HR}\cdot \left({k}_{1}\cdot {DRPPG\; TD}+{b}_{1}\right)\) \({PP}={MBP}\cdot \left({k}_{2}\cdot \frac{{t}_{\tau }}{{HP}}+{b}_{2}\right)\) | (4) | 20 + 4 | 20 subjects are for Finometer test, and MADs for SBP and DBP are \(2.85\) and \(1.75\) mmHg. 4 subjects are for the arterial line test, and MAD is \(2.1\) mmHg. | |
IPG + PPG | \({DBP}={DB}{P}_{0}+\rho \frac{{D}^{2}}{{PT}{T}^{2}}{ln}\left[1+K\left({Z}_{max\,0}-{Z}_{min }\right)\right]\) \({SBP}={SB}{P}_{0}+\rho \frac{{D}^{2}}{{PT}{T}^{2}}{ln}\left[1+K\left({Z}_{max \,0}-{Z}_{max }\right)\right]\) \(K=\frac{exp \left(\frac{{SB}{P}_{0}-{DB}{P}_{0}}{\rho }\frac{{PT}{T}_{0}^{2}}{{D}^{2}}\right)-1}{{Z}_{max \,0}-{Z}_{min \,0}}\) | (5) | 15 | The BP reference was measured by Oscar 2 system (SunTech Medical, USA). The average coefficient is \(0.88\,\pm \,0.07\) mmHg for SBP and \(0.88\,\pm \,0.06\) mmHg for diastolic BP (DBP). RMSE is \(8.47\,\pm \,0.91\) mmHg and \(5.02\,\pm \,0.73\) mmHg for SBP and DBP, respectively. | |
TAG + PPG | \({SBP}=\frac{2}{B}{ln}\frac{A}{{{PTT}}_{s}}\) \({DBP}=\frac{2}{B}{ln}\frac{A}{{{PTT}}_{D}}\) | (6) | 15 | MAD = \(2.62\) and \(1.36\) mmHg for SBP and DBP | |
