Fig. 5: The workflow of model development.

Task 1 classifies benign and malignant lung nodules. Task 2 identifies pre-invasive and invasive malignant nodules. Task 3 further evaluates the risk stratification of invasive lung adenocarcinoma. It is remarkable that for each task, the input shapes of the three 3D CNN are different with each other. Their detailed input shapes of the three 3D CNN for each task are list in the Supplemental Table 2.