Table 4 Symptoms reported by participants during pregnancy in comparison to advancing week of gestation and in relation to labor onset or timing of labor relative to the Estimated Date of Delivery (EDD).

From: Predicting labor onset relative to the estimated date of delivery using smart ring physiological data

Reported Symptom

Gestational Age

Interaction: Gestational Age × Spontaneous Labor

Interaction: Gestational Age × Pregnancy > EDD

Labor symptoms

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

 Irregular contractions

1.68 (1.53–1.85)***

1.02 (0.86–1.22)

1.03 (0.82–1.29)

 Regular contractions

2.11 (1.67–2.67)***

0.87 (0.52–1.45)

0.71 (0.38–1.36)

 Contractions at rest

1.72 (1.53–1.92)***

1.25 (1.02–1.55)*

0.98 (0.75–1.29)

 Contractions waking at night

1.84 (1.55–2.18)***

1.27 (0.96–1.71)

0.88 (0.61–1.25)

 Contractions with movement

1.56 (1.42–1.72)***

1.19 (0.99–1.44)

0.80 (0.60–1.05)

 Painful contractions

1.62 (1.40–1.89)***

0.93 (0.69–1.23)

1.15 (0.80–1.63)

 Vaginal discharge

1.31 (1.23–1.40)***

1.16 (1.03–1.32)*

0.93 (0.78–1.09)

 Low back pain

1.13 (1.07–1.19)***

1.04 (0.94–1.15)

0.96 (0.85–1.08)

 Menstrual-like cramping

1.77 (1.61–1.94)***

1.02 (0.86–1.21)

1.12 (0.90–1.40)

Measures of Fatigue/Pain

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

 PHQ-15

0.10 (0.001–0.20)*

−0.01 (−0.22–0.18)

0.14 (−0.08–0.38)

 PROMIS®- Fatigue SF

0.21 (0.11–0.30)***

0.14 (−0.04–0.33)

−0.19 (−0.41–0.02)

 EPDS

0.004 (−0.08–0.08)

−1.87 (−2.73 to −1.00)***a

0.35 (−0.42–1.12)a

 GAD-7

0.12 (0.04–0.20)**

−0.18 (−0.34 to −0.02)*

0.30 (0.13–0.47)**

  1. PHQ-15 patient health questionnaire 15, PROMIS® patient-reported outcomes measurement information system.
  2. SF short-form, EPDS Edinburgh postnatal depression scale, GAD generalized anxiety disorder 7 scale.
  3. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
  4. aNot interaction model, no association with advancing gestational age noted.