Table 4 Infrastructures and mechanisms for telehealth systems and services.

Wearables, high-resolution cameras, cloud data storage, health information exchange, medical equipment, robots

Real-time and continuous health data syncing, remote control for real-time treatment.

• Remote monitoring systems for quarantined patients⁴⁹.

• Remote monitoring of blood pressure⁹².

• Real-time teleretinal photocoagulation²⁷.

• Urban China, Urban Brazil⁹⁷

Devices with audio and cameras, and stable internet connection

Audio and video-based remote consultation, video conferencing

• Mobile application for remote dermatology diagnosis based on photos and videos sent by patients⁵¹.

• Saudi Arabia⁹⁸, Pakistan⁹⁹

Basic internet connection, computers/smartphones

Patient-initiated, text-based remote consultation; hotline

• Mental health hotline⁵².

• Rural China, Sri Lanka¹⁰⁰

Cell phones with basic functions, Short Message Service (SMS)

Emergency notification and public education through short messages; making appointments

• Short messages for knowledge dissemination⁴⁸.

• Short messages for making and changing appointments⁹⁶.

• Kenya¹⁰¹, Rwanda¹⁰²