Table 2 Reliability and clinical utility of the features derived from mobile and wearable sensors explored in this work

From: Modeling multiple sclerosis using mobile and wearable sensor data

Sensor

Feature

Daily average

Weekly average

EDSS

FSMC

PwMS vs HC

Coefficient

 

ICC

CI

ICC

CI

CORR

CORR

P value

Physical

Max

0.55

[0.19 0.98]

0.72

[0.49 0.86]

−0.24*

−0.13

<0.001

Activity

Mean

0.03

[−0.06 0.82]

0.80

[0.62 0.9]

−0.35*

−0.32

<0.001

 

Min

0.00

[0.1 0.37]

0.01

[−0.37 0.37]

0.18

0.22

>0.01

 

Skew

0.17

[−0.01 0.92]

0.85

[0.71 0.93]

0.07

0.03

<0.001

 

Std

0.02

[−0.06 0.81]

0.81

[0.63 0.91]

−0.31

−0.32

<0.001

Steps

Max

0.09

[−0.02 0.87]

0.24

[−0.15 0.56]

−0.04

−0.19

<0.001

 

Mean

0.06

[−0.04 0.85]

0.83

[0.67 0.92]

−0.41*

−0.28

<0.01

 

Skew

0.14

[−0.01 0.91]

0.46

[0.11 0.71]

0.40*

0.20

<0.001

 

Std

0.18

[−0. 0.92]

0.84

[0.69 0.92]

−0.44**

−0.30

<0.001

 

Sum

0.13

[−0.01 0.9]

0.84

[0.68 0.92]

−0.40*

−0.28

<0.01

Blood

Max

−0.02

[−0.06 0.6]

0.45

[0.1 0.7]

−0.04

0.10

<0.001

Perfusion

Mean

0.69

[0.33 0.99]

0.76

[0.55 0.88]

0.11

0.12

>0.01

(BP)

Min

0.00

[0.01, 0.92]

0.00

[0.05, 0.22]

−0.05

0.04

>0.01

 

Skew

0.17

[0. 0.91]

0.57

[0.27 0.78]

−0.02

0.01

<0.01

 

Std

0.26

[0.05 0.94]

0.67

[0.4 0.83]

0.15

0.28

<0.001

Blood

Max

−0.02

[−0.03 0.5]

0.35

[0.1 0.6]

−0.18

−0.22

>0.01

Pulse

Mean

−0.03

[−0.05 0.43]

0.79

[0.61 0.9]

0.31

0.38*

<0.001

Wave

Min

0.00

[0.02 0.64]

0.02

[−0.05 0.78]

−0.05

0.04

>0.01

(BPW)

Skew

0.53

[0.17 0.98]

0.85

[0.71 0.93]

−0.32

−0.24

<0.001

 

Std

0.15

[0.01 0.9]

0.77

[0.56 0.89]

−0.23

−0.05

>0.01

Heart

Max

0.26

[0.03 0.95]

0.66

[0.39 0.83]

−0.41*

−0.48**

<0.001

Rate

Mean

0.23

[0.03 0.93]

0.79

[0.61 0.9]

−0.01

0.09

>0.01

(HR)

Min

0.58

[0.23 0.98]

0.69

[0.45 0.85]

0.33

0.44**

<0.001

 

Skew

0.44

[0.12 0.97]

0.37

[0.01 0.65]

−0.00

0.07

>0.01

 

std

0.43

[0.11 0.97]

0.77

[0.56 0.89]

−0.43**

−0.44**

<0.001

Heart

SD1

0.88

[0.64 1.0]

0.96

[0.93 0.99]

−0.26

−0.32

<0.001

Rate

SD2

0.91

[0.71 1.0]

0.96

[0.93 0.99]

−0.38*

−0.47**

<0.001

Variability

nn20

0.91

[0.72 1.0]

0.95

[0.9 0.98]

−0.46**

−0.50**

<0.001

(HRV)

nn50

0.91

[0.74 1.0]

0.96

[0.93 0.98]

−0.36*

−0.41*

<0.001

 

pnn20

0.71

[0.36 0.99]

0.95

[0.9 0.98]

−0.44**

−0.48**

<0.001

 

pnn50

0.88

[0.64 1.0]

0.96

[0.93 0.99]

−0.35*

−0.40**

<0.001

 

rmssd

0.88

[0.64 1.0]

0.96

[0.93 0.99]

−0.26

−0.32

<0.001

 

sdnn

0.90

[0.71 1.0]

0.97

[0.94 0.99]

−0.36*

−0.45**

<0.001

 

HF

0.87

[0.64 1.0]

0.93

[0.86 0.97]

−0.16

−0.07

<0.01

 

LF

0.95

[0.84 1.0]

0.88

[0.76 0.94]

−0.14

−0.26

<0.001

 

LF/HF

0.23

[0.03 0.94]

0.95

[0.91 0.98]

0.29

0.26

<0.001

Skin

Max

0.45

[0.14 0.97]

0.28

[−0.1 0.6]

0.10

0.19

<0.001

Temperature

Mean

0.02

[−0.05 0.78]

0.89

[0.79 0.95]

0.26

0.17

<0.001

(TEMP)

Min

0.14

[−0.01 0.9]

0.96

[0.92 0.98]

0.12

0.10

<0.001

 

Skew

0.65

[0.28 0.99]

0.74

[0.52 0.87]

−0.05

0.07

>0.01

 

Std

0.12

[−0.01 0.89]

0.87

[0.75 0.94]

−0.18

−0.07

<0.01

Phone

Locks

0.89

[0.68 1.0]

0.93

[0.86 0.97]

−0.36*

−0.49**

<0.001

 

Unlocks

0.91

[0.73 1.0]

0.91

[0.73 1.0]

−0.35*

−0.46**

<0.001

Sleep

Hours

0.10

[0.01 0.84]

0.64

[0.32 0.82]

0.09

0.06

>0.01

Tapping

Mean tapping frequency (tfm)

0.06

[−0.04 0.84]

0.71

[0.47 0.85]

−0.68**

−0.64**

>0.01

task

Tapping count

0.02

[−0.05 0.79]

0.71

[0.47 0.86]

−0.65**

−0.62**

>0.01

 

Δtfm

0.02

[−0.05 0.79]

0.74

[0.5 0.87]

−0.45**

−0.34*

>0.01

  1. ICC refers to the intraclass correlation coefficient, CI to the confidence interval, and CORR to Pearson or Spearman rank correlation. Reliable features with ICC more than or equal to 0.6 are marked in bold. * indicate p < 0.01, and ** values indicate p < 0.001 with Bonferroni correction. PwMS refers to PwMS and HC refers to healthy controls.
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