Table 2 Gait characteristics of the HC and of the TD and PIGD patients

From: Wearable sensor-based quantitative gait analysis in Parkinson’s disease patients with different motor subtypes

Gait parameters

HC (n = 39)

TD (n = 24)

PIGD (n = 20)

p value

HC vs. TD vs. PIGD

HC vs. TD

HC vs. PIGD

TD vs. PIGD

Lower body-related parameters

 MAS Step Length (cm)

58.26 (56.07~63.94)

59.27 (53.83~62.8)

51.7 (48.83~67.12)

0.137

   

 LAS Step Length (cm)

58.26 (56.07~63.94)

59.26 (53.81~63.22)

54.68 ± 9.86

0.116

   

 MAS Stride Velocity (m/s)

1.07 ± 0.17

1.03 ± 0.14

0.99 ± 0.22

0.288

   

 LAS Stride Velocity (m/s)

1.07 ± 0.17

1.03 ± 0.14

0.99 ± 0.2

0.257

   

 MAS Stride Length (cm)

114.87 (110.6~126.51)

115.62 (104.37~122.76)

108.49 ± 20

0.181

   

 LAS Stride Length (cm)

114.87 (110.6~126.51)

112.86 ± 13.66

108.19 ± 19.19

0.139

   

 MAS Gait Cycle time (s)

1.11 ± 0.08

1.11 ± 0.08

1.12 ± 0.1

0.649

   

 LAS Gait Cycle time (s)

1.11 ± 0.08

1.11 ± 0.08

1.12 ± 0.09

0.687

   

 MAS Cadence (step/min)

109.64 ± 7.9

106.7 ± 9.29

107.19 (101.69~110.54)

0.204

   

 LAS Cadence (step/min)

109.64 ± 7.9

113.27 ± 8.57

110.13 ± 10.88

0.127

   

 MAS Double Support (%)

22.24 ± 3.18

20.95 ± 4.23

20.56 ± 5.04

0.198

   

 LAS Double Support (%)

22.24 ± 3.18

21.46 ± 3.63

20.72 ± 4.37

0.288

   

 MAS Swing (%)

39.38 ± 1.61

41.28 ± 2.56

40.97 ± 2.29

0.003

0.007

0.044

1

 LAS Swing (%)

39.38 ± 1.61

38.83 ± 2.6

39.56 ± 2.92

0.512

   

 MAS Stance (%)

60.62 ± 1.61

58.72 ± 2.56

59.03 ± 2.29

0.003

0.007

0.044

1

 LAS Stance (%)

60.62 ± 1.61

61.17 ± 2.6

60.44 ± 2.92

0.512

   

 MAS Shank Forward Swing Maximum (°)

23.31 ± 5.86

20.68 ± 6.58

21.67 ± 8.9

0.266

   

 LAS Shank Forward Swing Maximum (°)

23.31 ± 5.86

22.69 ± 6.48

23.02 ± 7.39

0.924

   

 MAS Shank Backward Swing Maximum (°)

−47.42 (−50.22~−45.72)

−42.05 ± 4.33

−42.17 ± 5.27

<0.001

<0.001

0.002

1

 LAS Shank Backward Swing Maximum (°)

−47.42 (−50.22~−45.72)

−41.56 ± 4.59

−41.4 ± 5.05

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

1

 MAS Peak Shank Angular Velocity(°/s)

329.07 ± 44.48

302.58 ± 33.62

307.55 ± 60.65

0.033

0.043

0.265

1

 LAS Peak Shank Angular Velocity (°/s)

329.07 ± 44.48

324.01 ± 41.7

317.04 ± 51.21

0.671

   

 Stride Velocity Asymmetry (%)

6.9 ± 2.76

6.09 ± 2.65

6.35 ± 2.21

0.546

   

 Stride Length Asymmetry (%)

4.23 (3.51~6.7)

4.83 ± 2.18

4.24 ± 1.56

0.441

   

 Swing Asymmetry (%)

8.18 ± 2.47

9.24 (6.78~12.54)

7.49 ± 3.09

0.136

   

 Stance Asymmetry (%)

5.39 ± 1.76

6.07 (4.27~8.33)

5.06 ± 2

0.101

   

 Shank RoM Asymmetry (%)

9.39 (4.47~12.82)

14.33 ± 8.79

10.57 ± 6.05

0.077

   

 Peak Shank Angular Velocity Asymmetry (%)

9.97 (6.2~14.52)

14.55 ± 8.63

10.81 ± 5.73

0.355

   

 Shank Symbolic Symmetry Index (%)

11.6 (10.51~12.77)

10.09 (8.25~11.97)

10.73 ± 2.11

0.013

0.014

0.216

1

 Mean Phase Difference (%)

3.29 (2.44~3.94)

3.9 (2.32~6.56)

3.79 ± 1.62

0.404

   

 Phase Coordination Index (%)

6 (4.77~8.74)

6.76 (4.59~10.26)

6.83 ± 2.26

0.755

   

Trunk and lumbar related parameters

 Trunk Coronal Peak Velocity (°/s)

25.74 (20.33~28.65)

23.55 ± 5.59

19.19 (16.58~23.71)

0.016

1

0.013

0.185

 Trunk Coronal RoM (°)

5.7 ± 1.92

4.3 ± 1.73

3.41 ± 1.15

<0.001

0.013

<0.001

0.262

 Trunk Sagittal Peak Velocity (°/s)

36.43 ± 7.33

31.74 (27.55~36.95)

28.49 (25.99~37.07)

0.005

0.097

0.007

1

 Trunk Sagittal RoM (°)

5.31 ± 1.05

5.03 ± 1.04

4.47 (3.69~5.23)

0.053

   

 Trunk Transverse Peak Velocity (°/s)

44.03 ± 9.71

38.23 ± 6.82

37.04 ± 11.34

0.009

0.075

0.017

1

 Trunk Transverse RoM (°)

11.06 ± 2.69

10.21 ± 2.75

9.67 ± 2

0.179

   

 Lumbar Coronal Peak Velocity (°/s)

44.7 ± 15.03

36.08 ± 14.65

32.32 (24.22~51.18)

0.036

0.108

0.094

1

 Lumbar Coronal RoM (°)

5.75 ± 1.51

3.8 ± 0.97

4 ± 1.71

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

1

 Lumbar Sagittal Peak Velocity (°/s)

69.51 (48.1~136.38)

59.08 (44.58~71.37)

47.85 (32.9~88.53)

0.033

0.373

0.034

0.98

 Lumbar Sagittal RoM (°)

7.32 (5.06~9.54)

5.64 (4.56~6.62)

5.26 (4.43~6.42)

0.058

   

 Lumbar Transverse Peak Velocity (°/s)

56.21 (50.85~81)

56.73 ± 14.16

51.61 ± 15.9

0.059

   

 Lumbar Transverse RoM (°)

9.13 ± 2.25

10.14 ± 2.62

8.61 (7.28~11.39)

0.334

   

Upper body related parameters

 MAS Arm Peak Velocity (°/s)

175.97 ± 63.18

155.14 (107.64~241.7)

100.04 (73.97~118.48)

<0.001

1

<0.001

0.002

 LAS Arm Peak Velocity (°/s)

175.97 ± 63.18

177.6 ± 47.52

117.2 (84.33~163.8)

0.009

1

0.02

0.016

 MAS Arm Forward Swing Maximum (°)

38.24 (28.07~49.77)

33.04 (28.85~36.39)

32.62 ± 10.31

0.214

   

 LAS Arm Forward Swing Maximum (°)

38.24 (28.07~49.77)

40.21 ± 12.37

35.03 ± 10.84

0.209

   

 MAS Arm Backward Swing Maximum (°)

0.12 (−12.29~5.5)

15.92 ± 10.54

14 ± 9.41

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

1

 LAS Arm Backward Swing Maximum (°)

0.12 (−12.29~5.5)

1.58 ± 6.84

7.23 ± 8.93

0.009

1

0.007

0.098

 Arm Velocity Asymmetry (%)

20.03 (14.18~26.81)

35.37 ± 17.34

20.57 (16.72~30.37)

0.009

0.008

1

0.127

 Arm Symbolic Symmetry Index (%)

33.74 ± 3.96

41.83 ± 6.52

38.07 (34.59~40.35)

<0.001

<0.001

0.044

0.131

Postural transitions-related parameters

 Turning-Average Duration (s)

1.43 (1.41~1.59)

1.49 (1.44~1.76)

1.54 (1.46~2.1)

<0.001

0.02

0.001

0.892

 Turning-Peak Velocity (°/s)

157.52 ± 23.63

142.49 ± 24.62

125.06 ± 30.89

<0.001

0.133

<0.001

0.175

 Turning-Average Step Duration (s)

0.53 ± 0.07

0.51 ± 0.06

0.56 ± 0.05

0.041

1

0.199

0.038

 Turning-Average Angular Velocity(°/s)

126.12 (116.13~128.09)

121.54 (106~125.32)

117.82 (90.69~123.78)

<0.001

0.018

<0.001

0.84

 Turning-Average Steps

2.09 ± 0.41

2.5 (2.19~3)

2.42 (1.91~2.75)

0.003

0.004

0.076

1

 SiSt - Duration (s)

1.73 (1.34~2.14)

1.52 (1.32~1.78)

1.56 (1.24~1.95)

0.295

   

 SiSt-Trunk Sagittal Peak Velocity(°/s)

85.06 (72.76~105.85)

66.22 ± 12.75

59.69 (51.43~83.71)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

1

 SiSt-Trunk Lean Backward Maximum (°)

20.85 ± 8.88

14.5 ± 9.41

16.2 ± 9.88

0.021

0.027

0.204

1

 SiSt-Trunk Lean Forward Maximum (°)

−19.45 ± 11.83

−20.56 ± 12.18

−18.4 ± 12.94

0.733

   

 StSi - Duration (s)

2.38 (1.91~2.82)

1.74 (1.56~1.87)

2.06 ± 0.53

<0.001

<0.001

0.185

0.297

 StSi-Trunk Sagittal Peak Velocity (°/s)

79.16 ± 22.36

61.53 ± 18.9

60.69 (51.9~66.59)

0.003

0.015

0.014

1

 StSi- Trunk Lean Backward Maximum (°)

20.8 ± 10.01

10.14 ± 9.87

12.54 ± 9.3

<0.001

<0.001

0.008

1

 StSi-trunk lean forward maximum (°)

−18.86 ± 14.44

−21.89 ± 13.71

−19.84 ± 11.69

0.673

   
  1. HC healthy controls, TD tremor-dominant, PIGD postural instability and gait disorder, MAS more affected side, LAS less affected side, RoM range of motion, SiSt sit to stand, StSi stand to sit. Data are displayed as Mean ± Standard Deviation or Median (quartile[Q]1~Q3). Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare various gait parameters among the HC, TD and PIGD groups. Pair-wise comparisons were corrected for multiple comparisons using Bonferroni method. Bold values are marked as significant.
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