Table 1 Clinical and biomarker baseline patient characteristics

From: Clinical phenotypes and short-term outcomes based on prehospital point-of-care testing and on-scene vital signs

  

Phenotype

 
 

Total

Alpha

Beta

Gamma

p valueb

No. (%) with dataa

7909 (100)

1281 (16.2)

2279 (28.8)

4349 (55)

N.A.

Sociodemographic variables

Sex at birth, female

3280 (41)

534 (41.7)

906 (39.8)

1840 (42.3)

0.132

Age, year

64 (51–80)

74 (62–84)

72 (56–82)

62 (47–78)

<0.001

Age groups, year

18–49

1679 (21.2)

148 (11.6)

371 (16.3)

1253 (28.8)

<0.001

50–74

3128 (39.5)

501 (39.1)

887 (38.9)

1740 (40)

 

>75

3009 (38.0)

632 (49.3)

1021 (44.8)

1356 (31.2)

 

Zone, rural

2053 (26.0)

380 (29.7)

564 (24.7)

1109 (25.5)

0.031

Transfer, ALS

2846 (36.0)

978 (76.3)

739 (32.4)

1804 (41.5)

<0.001

Nursing homes

808 (10.2)

278 (21.7)

269 (11.8)

261 (6)

<0.001

On-scene vital signs

Respiratory rate, breaths/min

18 (14–23)

26 (17–33)

18 (15–24)

17 (14–19)

<0.001

Oxygen saturation, %

96 (94–98)

86 (76–94)

95 (92–97)

98 (96–99)

<0.001

Fraction of inspired oxygen, %

0.21 (0.21–0.21)

0.21 (0.21–0.31)

0.21 (0.21–0.21)

0.21 (0.21–0.21)

<0.001

SaFi

459 (442–466)

343 (257–398)

452 (438–462)

467 (457–471)

<0.001

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

134 (114–153)

129 (99–155)

133 (112–152)

136 (119–153)

<0.001

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

79 (65–90)

72 (55–89)

77 (63–90)

80 (69–91)

<0.001

Mean blood pressure, mmHg

96 (93–110)

92 (71–110)

96 (81–110)

99 (87–111)

<0.001

Heart rate, beats/min

85 (70–104)

103 (80–120)

97 (77–121)

79 (67–90)

<0.001

Temperature, °C

36.1 (35.9–36.6)

36.2 (35.8–36.8)

36.1 (35.9–36.7)

36 (35.9–36.5)

<0.001

Glasgow coma scale, points

 Ocular

4 (4–4)

4 (2–4)

4 (4–4)

4 (4–4)

<0.001

 Verbal

5 (5–5)

5 (2–5)

5 (5–5)

5 (5–5)

<0.001

 Motor

6 (6–6)

6 (4–6)

6 (6–6)

6 (6–6)

<0.001

MEWS categories

    

<0.001

 low risk (0–1)

4297 (54.3)

247 (19.3)

863 (37.9)

3187 (73.3)

 

 intermediate risk (2–3)

1967 (24.8)

327 (25.5)

42 (32.6)

898 (20.6)

 

 high risk (≥4)

1645 (20.7)

707 (55.2)

674 (29.6)

264 (6.07)

 

ISSc

2 (1–9)

16 (9–16)

4 (1–16)

1 (1–4)

<0.001

Prehospital blood analysis

pH

7.38 (7.33–7.42)

7.31 (7.14–7.38)

7.37 (7.32–7.42)

7.39 (7.36–7.42)

<0.001

pCO2, mmHg

40 (34–46)

48 (38–67)

40 (34–46)

39 (33–44)

<0.001

pO2, mmHg

31 (23–40)

23 (17–35)

30 (22–41)

32 (23–41)

<0.001

Bicarbonate, mEq

23 (21–26)

22 (18–27)

23 (20–26)

24 (22–27)

<0.001

Base excess (ecf), mmol/L

0.4 (−2.4; 1.9)

−1.8 (−7.2; 2.4)

−0.3 (−3; 1.7)

0.7 (−1.6; 1.9)

<0.001

TCO2, mmol/L

26 (23–29)

27 (22–34)

26 (22–29)

26 (23–28)

<0.001

Sodium, mmol/L

139 (137–141)

139 (136–141)

139 (136–141)

139 (137–141)

<0.001

Potassium, mmol/L

4.1 (3.8–4.5)

4.2 (3.9–5)

4.1 (3.8–4.6)

4.1 (3.8–4.4)

<0.001

Calcium, mmol/L

1.14 (1.08–1.21)

1.14 (1.04–1.22)

1.14 (1.08–1.21)

1.14 (1.08–1.21)

0.039

Chlorine, mmol/L

103 (100–106)

103 (100–107)

103 (100–106)

103 (100–105)

0.011

Hematocrit, %

42 (39–45)

41 (36–45)

41 (38–45)

42 (39–45)

<0.001

Hemoglobin, g/dL

14.1 (12.8–15.7)

13.8 (12.1–15.7)

14 (12.6–15.7)

14.2 (13–15.7)

<0.001

Glucose, mg/dL

126 (104–160)

183 (130–275)

160 (120–197)

113 (99–132)

<0.001

Lactate, mmol/L

2.14 (1.28–3.29)

3.29 (2.13–6.29)

2.43 (1.59–3.74)

1.83 (1.13–2.82)

<0.001

Creatinine, mg/dL

0.91 (0.76–1.21)

1.21 (0.88–1.86)

0.96 (0.79–1.28)

0.86 (0.75–1.08)

<0.001

Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL

16 (12–23)

24 (16–37)

18 (13–26)

14 (11–20)

<0.001

Osmolarity, mOsm/kg

291 (287–297)

298 (290–307)

294 (288–299)

290 (286–294)

<0.001

GAP anion, mmol/L

11.6 (8.3–15.2)

11.8 (7.5–16.6)

11.8 (8.3–15.6)

11.5 (8.4–14.6)

0.026

Urinary anion, mmol/L

40.1 (37.1–42.9)

39.9 (36.1–43.2)

40 (36.8–42.8)

40.3 (37.5–42.8)

0.002

Potassium anion, mmol/L

15.8 (12.5–19.3)

16.2 (11.9–21.3)

16 (12.6–17.9)

15.7 (12.6–18.7)

<0.001

  1. NA not applicable, ALS advanced life support, SaFi ratio pulse oximetry saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio, pCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide, pO2 partial pressure of oxygen, TCO2 total carbon dioxide content, ISS Injury Severity Score, MEWS Modified Early Warning Score.
  2. aValues are expressed as the total number (percentage) and median (25th percentile-75th percentile), as appropriate.
  3. bThe Mann‒Whitney U test or chi-squared test was used as appropriate.
  4. cNote that ISS was only determined in trauma patients.
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