Table 3 Subgroup analysis of self-help digital interventions on outcome cognition
Moderator | k | SMD Hedges’s g (95% CI) | Significance of treatment effect | Intervention (N) | Control (N) | Weight | Heterogeneity (Chi2; I2, %) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control group | |||||||
Active controls | 30 | −0.48 [−0.68, −0.29] | Z = 4.80 (P < 0.00001) | 981 | 1018 | 44.3% | 128.44; 77% |
Non−active (TAU or WLC) | 41 | −0.52 [−0.71, −0.33] | Z = 5.40 (P < 0.00001) | 1190 | 1156 | 55.7% | 171.94; 77% |
Total | 71 | −0.51 [−0.64, −0.37] | Z = 7.27 (P < 0.00001) | 2171 | 2174 | 100% | 236.30; 75% |
Subgroup difference: p = 0.78 | |||||||
Population | |||||||
MCI/SCI | 28 | −0.66 [−0.90, −0.41] | Z = 5.33 (P < 0.00001) | 767 | 762 | 37.8% | 117.70; 78% |
Multiple sclerosis | 16 | −0.63 [−0.98, −0.28] | Z = 3.56 (P = 0.0004) | 558 | 583 | 22.7% | 108.74; 86% |
Traumatic brain injury | 3 | −0.23 [−0.61, 0.15] | Z = 1.17 (P = 0.24) | 85 | 75 | 4.4% | 2.78; 28% |
Parkinson’s disease | 4 | −0.72 [−1.18, −0.26] | Z = 3.08 (P = 0.002) | 100 | 91 | 5.7% | 7.06; 58% |
Post−stroke symptoms | 7 | −0.23 [−0.51, 0.06] | Z = 1.58 (P = 0.11) | 200 | 227 | 10.4% | 11.73; 49% |
Cancer survivors | 7 | −0.08 [−0.34, 0.17] | Z = 0.64 (P = 0.52) | 311 | 304 | 10.7% | 12.71; 53% |
ADHD | 5 | −0.79 [−1.07, −0.52] | Z = 5.66 (P < 0.00001) | 128 | 112 | 7.0% | 4.19; 5% |
Lung transplant | 1 | 0.21 [−0.40, 0.81] | Z = 0.66 (P = 0.51) | 22 | 20 | 1.7% | N/A |
Total | 71 | −0.51 [−0.64, −0.37] | Z = 7.27 (P < 0.00001) | 2171 | 2174 | 100% | 301.97; 77% |
Subgroup difference: p = 0.0003 | |||||||
Delivery format | |||||||
Computerized | 50 | −0.46 [−0.64, −0.29] | Z = 5.19 (P < 0.00001) | 1634 | 1524 | 69.1% | 206.34; 80% |
App | 3 | −0.77 [−1.53, 0.00] | Z = 1.95 (P = 0.05) | 87 | 85 | 4.8% | 10.83; 82% |
Virtual reality | 13 | −0.55 [−0.94, −0.17] | Z = 2.83 (P = 0.005) | 323 | 313 | 19.7% | 62.50; 81% |
Videogames | 3 | −0.52 [−0.86, −0.18] | Z = 3.03 (P = 0.002) | 71 | 70 | 4.8% | 0.73; 0% |
Compact disc (CD) | 2 | −0.01 [−0.62, 0.61] | Z = 0.02 (P = 0.98) | 56 | 25 | 1.6% | N/A |
Total | 71 | −0.49 [−0.64, −0.34] | Z = 6.58 (P < 0.00001) | 2171 | 2017 | 100% | 287.21; 78% |
Subgroup difference: p = 0.56 | |||||||
Treatment duration | |||||||
≤6 weeks | 26 | −0.43 [−0.61, −0.24] | Z = 7.01 (P < 0.00001) | 1925 | 1915 | 90.5% | 284.38; 78% |
>6 weeks | 45 | −0.56 [−0.75, −0.37] | Z = 5.81 (P < 0.00001) | 1430 | 1427 | 62.2% | 227.62; 81% |
Total | 71 | −0.51 [−0.64, −0.37] | Z = 6.78 (P < 0.00001) | 1766 | 1723 | 100% | 301.97; 77% |
Subgroup difference: p = 0.32 | |||||||
Risk of bias | |||||||
High risk | 65 | −0.53 [−0.68, −0.38] | Z = 6.64 (P < 0.00001) | 1665 | 1594 | 90.5% | 283.90; 80% |
Low risk | 6 | −0.29 [−0.60, 0.02] | Z = 1.83 (P = 0.07) | 246 | 259 | 9.5% | 13.81; 64% |
Total | 71 | −0.51 [−0.64, −0.37] | Z = 7.27 (P < 0.00001) | 2171 | 2174 | 100% | 301.97; 77% |
Subgroup difference: p = 0.17 | |||||||
