Table 1 Clinical and procedural characteristics of study population according to virtual AMD test

From: Clinical usefulness of digital twin guided virtual amiodarone test in patients with atrial fibrillation ablation

Variables

Overall

Effectivea

Ineffectiveb

P-value

N = 115

N = 24

N = 91

Age, year

60.8 ± 10.0

62.6 ± 8.1

60.4 ± 10.4

0.324

Female, N (%)

31 (27.0)

7 (29.2)

24 (26.4)

0.987

Paroxysmal AF, N (%)

30 (26.1)

10 (41.7)

20 (22.0)

0.091

BMI, kg/m2

25.3 [23.2, 27.1]

25.9 [24.3, 27.7]

25.3 [23.2, 26.9]

0.399

Comorbidities

CHF, N (%)

47 (40.9)

10 (41.7)

37 (40.7)

>0.999

HTN, N (%)

57 (49.6)

12 (50.0)

45 (49.5)

>0.999

DM, N (%)

20 (17.4)

4 (16.7)

16 (17.6)

>0.999

Stroke, N (%)

19 (16.5)

5 (20.8)

14 (15.4)

0.741

CHA2DS2VASc

2.1 ± 1.4

2.3 ± 1.4

2.1 ± 1.4

0.614

Beta-blocker (%)

52 (45.2)

15 (62.5)

37 (40.7)

0.093

Echocardiography

LA dimension, mm

45.3 ± 6.1

44.1 ± 7.6

45.6 ± 5.6

0.310

LAVI, ml/m2

48.3 ± 15.3

44.9 ± 16.3

49.2 ± 15.0

0.224

LVEF, %

60.6 ± 9.7

61.5 ± 11.3

60.4 ± 9.3

0.645

E/Em

10.6 ± 4.7

10.0 ± 3.0

10.7 ± 5.1

0.532

Procedure time [IQR], min

129 [115, 148]

121 [110, 133]

131 [115, 149]

0.191

Repeat-ablation (%)

29 (25.2)

4 (16.7)

25 (27.5)

0.412

Ablation lesion

PVI (%)

115 (100.0)

24 (100.0)

91 (100.0)

>0.999

Cavo-tricuspid isthmus (%)

113 (98.3)

24 (100.0)

89 (97.8)

>0.999

SVC – RA (%)

114 (99.1)

24 (100.0)

90 (98.9)

>0.999

Extra-PV LA ablationc

79 (68.7)

14 (58.3)

65 (71.4)

0.326

FU duration after AMD [IQR] day

1009 [777, 1263]

947 [757,1262]

1040 [806, 1281]

0.375

Days from AFCA to AMD [IQR], day

14 [13,20]

14 [12,36]

14 [13,19]

0.761

Early recurrence after AFCA (%)

91 (79.1)

18 (75.0)

73 (80.2)

0.781

Recur as AF (% early recur)

73 (80.2)

11 (61.1)

62 (84.9)

0.052

Recur after AMD within 1 year (%)

46 (40.0)

5 (20.8)

41 (45.1)

0.055

Recur as AF (% 1 yr recur)

34 (73.9)

4 (80.0)

30 (73.2)

>0.999

Procedure related Complicationsd (%)

5 (4.3)

0 (0.0)

5 (5.5)

0.541

  1. AF atrial fibrillation, AFCA atrial fibrillation catheter ablation, AMD amiodarone, BMI body mass index, CFAE complex fractionated atrial electrogram, CHF congestive heart failure, DM diabetic mellitus, E/Em The ratio of early transmitral flow velocity (E) to early mitral annular velocity (Em), FU follow-up, HTN hypertension, IQR Interquartile range, LA left atrium, PV pulmonary vein, PVI pulmonary vein isolation, SVC superior vena cava, RA right atrium.
  2. aEffective group: AF termination at least once at the therapeutic dose.
  3. bIneffective group: AF or AT maintenance for >32 s at the therapeutic dose.
  4. cExtra-PV LA ablation includes roof line, posterior-inferior line, left lateral isthmus, coronary sinus, anterior septal, anterior lateral, CFAE, or extra PV trigger ablation.
  5. dComplications include 2 sinus node dysfunction, 2 pericardial tamponade, and 1 arteriovenous fistula.
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