Table 1 Overview of the 33 publications with the goal of automating clinical assessments for infant motor development

From: A systematic review of portable technologies for the early assessment of motor development in infants

	Author	Year	Setting	Sample size	Data collection age	Outcome OR ground truth	Technology	Goal	Best classification result
GMA
1	Adde¹⁶	2009	Lab	82	10–18 weeks CA	GMA at 10–18 weeks CA	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: Sn = 0.82, Sp = 0.70, AUC-ROC = 0.83
2	Singh²⁸	2010	Clinic	10	30–43 weeks PMA	GMA at 30–43 weeks PMA	Sensor	Automate	GMA Classification: Sn = 0.50, Sp = 0.71
3	Gravem²⁹	2012	Clinic	10	30–43 weeks PMA	GMA at 30–43 weeks	Sensor	Automate	GMA Classification: Sn = 0.49, Sp = 0.76
4	Fan³⁰	2012	Clinic	10	30–43 weeks PMA	GMA at 30–43 weeks	Sensor	Automate	GMA Classification: Sn = 0.72, Sp = 0.57, AUC-ROC = 0.75
5	Adde⁴⁵	2013	Clinic	52	9–17 weeks CA	CP at 2 years; GMA at 9–14 weeks CA	Video	Automate, Predict - Future	GMA Classification: AUC-ROC = 0.87, Sn = 0.89, Sp = 0.79
6	Machireddy³¹	2017	Lab	20	2–4 months CA	GMA at 2–4 months CA	Sensor; Video	Automate	Using combined data from sensor and video: GMA Classification: Acc = 0.84
7	Støen⁴⁶	2017	Clinic	150	10–15 weeks CA	GMA at 10–15 weeks	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: AUC-ROC = 0.73, Sn = 0.90, Sp = 0.90
8	Orlandi⁴⁷	2018	Clinic	173	3–5 months CA	Bayley III at 18–24 months for motor impairment or CP diagnosis; GMA at 3–5 months CA	Video	Automate, Predict - Future	GMA Classification: Acc = 0.86, Sn = 0.55, Sp = 0.95, AUC-ROC = 0.82
9	McCay⁴⁸	2019	Synthetic dataset	12	Not listed	GMA	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: Acc = 0.92
10	Dai⁴⁹	2019	Not listed	120	10–20 weeks CA	GMA at 10–20 weeks CA	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: Sn = 0.95, Sp = 0.912, Acc = 0.93
11	Tsuji⁵⁰	2020	Clinic; Home	21	Not listed	GMA by Physical Therapists	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: Acc= 0.90
12	Doroniewicz⁵¹	2020	Clinic	31	2–3 days CA	GMA at 2–3 days	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: Acc = 0.80, Sn = 0.71, Sp = 0.83, F1 = 0.64, AUC-ROC = 0.83
13	McCay⁹⁰	2021	Clinic	38	3–5 months CA	GMA at 3–5 months CA	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: Acc = 0.97, Sn = 0.83, Sp = 1; F1 = 0.91
14	Nguyen-Thai⁵²	2021	Home	235	14–15 weeks CA	GMA at 14–15 weeks CA	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: AUC-ROC = 0.82
15	Sakkos⁵³	2021	Clinic	37	Not listed	GMA for CP diagnosis	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: Acc = 0.92, Sn = 0.83, Sp = 0.95, Pr = 0.83, F1 = 0.83
16	Wu⁵⁴	2021	Clinic	12	0–6 months CA	GMA	Video	Automate, Illuminate	GMA Classification: Acc = 0.92, Sn = 1; Sp = 0.88
17	Hashimoto⁵⁵	2022	Clinic	100	Not listed	GMA	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: Acc = 0.75, Pr = 0.78, Sn = 0.74
18	Zhang⁵⁶	2022	Clinic; Synthetic dataset	50	0–6 months CA	GMA during the first 6 months	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: Acc = 1, Sn = 1, Sp = 1, F1 = 1
19	Tong⁵⁷	2022	Clinic	30	Not listed	GMA	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: Acc = 0.87, Sn = 0.95, Sp = 0.76
20	Gong⁵⁸	2022	Clinic	87	10–18 weeks CA	GMA at 10–18 weeks CA	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: Acc = 0.96
21	Luo⁵⁹	2022	Clinic	757	6–30 weeks CA	GMA at 6–30 weeks CA	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: Acc = 0.94, F1 = 0.94, AUC-ROC = 0.97
22	Ni⁶⁰	2023	Home; Clinic	161	9–20 weeks CA	GMA at 9–20 weeks CA	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: Sn = 0.82, Sp = 0.87, AUC-ROC = 0.97
23	Gao⁶¹	2023	Clinic	1127	9–20 weeks CA	GMA at 9–20 weeks CA	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: AUC-ROC = 0.97 ± 0.01; Acc = 0.93 ± 0.01; Sn = 0.93 ± 0.02; Sp = 0.94 ± 0.01; PPV = 0.80 ± 0.02; NPV = 0.98 ± 0.01
24	Yin⁶²	2024	Clinic; Home	170	1–12 weeks CA	GMA at 1–12 weeks CA	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: Acc = 0.87 ± 0.45; Sn = 0.89 ± 0.83; Sp = 0.84 ± 0.15
25	Morais⁶³	2023	Home	776	Not listed	GMA	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: AUC-ROC = 0.72
26	Soualmi⁶⁴	2023	Clinic	92	32–40 weeks GA	GMA at 32–40 weeks GA	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: AUC-ROC = 0.77; Acc = 0.74; Sn = 0.76; Sp = 0.70
27	Passmore⁶⁵	2024	Home	341	12–18 weeks CA	GMA at 12–18 weeks CA	Video	Automate, Predict - Future	GMA Classification: AUC-ROC = 0.80; PPV = 0.28; NPV = 0.94; Sn =0.76; Sp = 0.65
28	Huang⁶⁶	2024	Clinic	96	40 weeks PMA	GMA at 40 weeks PMA	Video	Automate	GMA Classification: Acc = 0.93; Pr = 0.94; Rc = 0.94; F1 = 0.93; ROC-AUC = 1.00; Sn = 0.88; Sp = 1.00
29	Bao³²	2024	Lab; Clinic	18	4–21 weeks CA	GMA at 4–21 weeks CA	Sensor	Automate	GMA Classification: Acc = 0.95
HINE
30	Dogra⁶⁷	2011	Clinic	43	3–12 months CA	HINE pulled-to-sit score at 3–12 months CA	Video	Automate	HINE Classification: Sn = 0.80, Sp = 0.89
31	Dogra⁸⁹	2014	Clinic	42	Not listed	HINE lateral tilting item	Video	Automate	HINE Classification: Acc = 0.71
32	Dey⁶⁸	2016	Clinic	23	3–24 months CA	HINE at 3–24 Months	Video	Automate	HINE Classification: Acc = 0.74
CHOP INTEND
33	Soran⁸⁸	2016	Clinic	15	0–790 days CA	CHOP INTEND extremity score for Spinal Muscular Atrophy	Video	Automate	N/A

CA Corrected age, PMA Post-menstrual age, CP Cerebral palsy, GMA General Movement Assessment, HINE Hammersmith Infant Neurological Exam, CHOP INTEND Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders, Bayley-III Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3^rd Edition, Sn Sensitivity, Sp Specificity, Acc Accuracy, AUC-ROC Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, PR Precision recall, NPV Negative predictive value, PPV Positive predictive value, Rc Recall.

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Table 1 Overview of the 33 publications with the goal of automating clinical assessments for infant motor development

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