Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients in validation cohort 1 and validation cohort 2

From: Whole slide image based deep learning refines prognosis and therapeutic response evaluation in lung adenocarcinoma

 

Validation cohort 1 (n = 705)

Validation cohort 2 (n = 175)

Variables

Entire cohort

Low-risk group (n  = 352)

High-risk group (n = 353)

p

Entire cohort

Low-risk group (n = 88)

High-risk group (n = 87)

p

Age, year, median (IQR)

61 (56–67)

62 (52–67)

61 (55–67)

0.122

61 (54–67)

61 (55–69)

59 (53–66)

0.547

 >65

205 (29.1)

110 (31.3)

95 (26.9)

0.205

53 (30.3)

29 (33.0)

24 (27.6)

0.440

 ≤65

500 (70.9)

242 (68.8)

258 (73.1)

 

122 (69.7)

59 (67.0)

63 (72.4)

 

Sex, n (%)

   

0.853

   

0.001

 Male

298 (42.3)

150 (42.6)

148 (41.9)

 

84 (48.0)

53 (60.2)

31 (35.6)

 

 Female

407 (57.7)

202 (57.4)

205 (58.1)

 

91 (52.0)

35 (39.8)

56 (64.4)

 

Smoking history, n (%)

   

0.083

   

0.154

 Never

567 (80.4)

274 (77.8)

293 (83.0)

 

137 (78.3)

65 (73.7)

72 (82.8)

 

 Current or ever

138 (19.6)

78 (22.2)

60 (17.0)

 

38 (21.7)

23 (26.1)

15 (17.2)

 

Tumor location, n (%)

   

0.329

   

0.954

 Left lung

273 (38.7)

130 (36.9)

143 (40.5)

 

64 (36.6)

32 (36.4)

32 (36.8)

 

 Right lung

432 (61.3)

222 (63.1)

210 (59.5)

 

111 (63.4)

56 (63.6)

55 (63.2)

 

Surgery type, n (%)

   

0.147

   

0.583

 Sublobar resection

95 (13.5)

54 (15.3)

41 (11.6)

 

16 (9.1)

7 (8.0)

9 (10.3)

 

 Lobectomy or above

610 (86.5)

298 (84.7)

312 (88.4)

 

159 (90.9)

81 (92.0)

78 (89.7)

 

EGFR mutation, n (%)

   

0.087

   

0.271

 Positive

459 (65.1)

240 (68.2)

219 (62.0)

 

122 (69.7)

58 (65.9)

64 (73.6)

 

 Negative

246 (34.9)

112 (31.8)

134 (38.0)

 

53 (30.3)

30 (34.1)

23 (26.4)

 

KRAS mutation, n (%)

   

0.591

   

0.107

 Positive

58 (8.2)

27 (7.7)

31 (8.8)

 

10 (5.7)

8 (9.1)

2 (2.3)

 

 Negative

647 (91.8)

325 (92.3)

322 (91.2)

 

165 (94.3)

90 (90.9)

85 (97.7)

 

VPI, n (%)

   

0.098

   

0.089

 Present

169 (24.0)

75 (21.3)

94 (26.6)

 

52 (29.7)

21 (23.9)

31 (35.6)

 

 Absent

536 (76.0)

277 (78.7)

258 (73.4)

 

123 (70.3)

67 (76.1)

56 (64.4)

 

STAS, n (%)

   

0.048

   

0.493

 Present

231 (32.8)

103 (29.3)

128 (36.3)

 

64 (36.6)

30 (34.1)

34 (39.1)

 

 Absent

474 (67.2)

249 (70.7)

225 (63.7)

 

111 (63.4)

58 (65.9)

53 (60.9)

 

LVI, n (%)

   

0.163

   

0.101

 Present

99 (14.0)

43 (12.2)

56 (15.9)

 

30 (17.1)

11 (12.5)

19 (21.8)

 

 Absent

606 (86.0)

309 (87.8)

297 (84.1)

 

145 (82.9)

77 (87.5)

68 (78.2)

 

IASLC grade, n (%)

   

<0.001

   

0.826

 I

129 (18.3)

73 (20.7)

56 (15.9)

 

33 (18.9)

18 (20.5)

15 (17.2)

 

 II

199 (28.2)

119 (33.8)

80 (22.7)

 

45 (25.7)

23 (26.1)

22 (25.3)

 

 III

377 (53.5)

160 (45.5)

217 (61.5)

 

97 (55.4)

47 (53.4)

50 (57.5)

 

TNM stage, n (%)

   

0.234

   

0.382

 I

542 (76.9)

279 (79.3)

263 (74.5)

 

125 (71.4)

67 (76.1)

58 (66.7)

 

 II

57 (8.1)

28 (8.0)

29 (8.2)

 

19 (10.9)

8 (9.1)

11 (12.6)

 

 III

106 (15.0)

45 (12.8)

61 (17.3)

 

31 (17.7)

13 (14.8)

18 (20.7)

 

Adjuvant chemotherapy, n (%)

247 (35.0)

107 (30.4)

140 (39.7)

0.010

56 (32.0)

26 (29.5)

30 (34.5)

0.484

Follow-up time, months, median (range)

68.0 (1.0–95.0)

65.0 (1.0–87.0)

69.0 (1.0–95.0)

 

68.0 (1.0–91.0)

61.0 (1.0–77.0)

72.0 (1.0–91.0)

 

Recurrence, n (%)

200 (28.4)

68 (19.3)

132 (37.4)

<0.001

50 (28.6)

13 (14.8)

37 (42.5)

<0.001

WSI number per patient, median (range)

2 (1–4)

2 (1–4)

2 (1–4)

0.919

2 (1–4)

2 (1–4)

2 (1–4)

0.152

WSI number, total

1516

758

758

 

307

158

149

 
  1. EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, KRAS Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene, VPI visceral pleural invasion, STAS spread through air space, LVI lymph-vascular invasion, IASLC International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, WSI whole slide image, IQR interquartile range, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval.
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