Fig. 2: Convergence of innovations in artificial intelligence analytical techniques. | npj Digital Medicine

Fig. 2: Convergence of innovations in artificial intelligence analytical techniques.

From: Convergence of evolving artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques in precision oncology

Fig. 2

New modalities for deep measurement of disease and precision oncology therapeutics represent a potential “sea change” transition point for precision oncology. The first “wave” included the development of symbolic artificial intelligence tools (1997, Deep Blue expert system beat Kasparov in chess; 2011, Watson expert system won Jeopardy). These advances were followed by the second “wave”, e.g., the development of deep learning tools (2012, ImageNet; 2016, AlphaGo beat Lee Sedol in GO). The third “wave” included the transformers (2018, GPT; 2020, AlphaFold2; 2022, ChatGPT, DALL-E). Simultaneously, starting in 1997, significant advances were made in biomarker innovation that enabled an improved understanding of tumor biology in parallel with accelerated drug development that involved targeted therapy and immunotherapy. “Created with BioRender.com”.

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