Table 1 Types of digital twins in surgical applications

From: Digital twins for the era of personalized surgery

Type

Example

Application

Static twin

3D model of conjoined twins for separation surgery planning.

Preoperative planning and patient education.

Functional twin

FEA model for tibial fractures and vertebroplasty procedures.

Simulating biomechanical properties and predicting surgical outcomes.

Shadow twin

Twin-S for skull base surgery and liver tumor ablation.

Real-time guidance and dynamic updates during surgery.

Intelligent twin

CardioVision for aortic stenosis and DLR MiroSurge robotic system.

Predicting adverse events and providing individualized surgical assistance.

  1. This table summarizes the four levels of digital twins, their examples, and their applications in surgical contexts.
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